Quickstart

Example code for every feature. More...

Modules
	Sample helpers
	Functions and classes used in the examples of this sample.

Functions
ryml::Callbacks	sample::ErrorHandlerExample::callbacks ()
	a helper to create the Callbacks object with the custom error handler More...
static void	sample::ErrorHandlerExample::s_error (const char *msg, size_t len, ryml::Location loc, void *this_)
template<class Fn >
bool	sample::ErrorHandlerExample::check_error_occurs (Fn &&fn) const
template<class Fn >
bool	sample::ErrorHandlerExample::check_assertion_occurs (Fn &&fn) const
void	sample::ErrorHandlerExample::check_effect (bool committed) const
	sample::ErrorHandlerExample::ErrorHandlerExample ()
	sample::ScopedErrorHandlerExample::ScopedErrorHandlerExample ()
	sample::ScopedErrorHandlerExample::~ScopedErrorHandlerExample ()
void	sample::sample_lightning_overview ()
	a lightning tour over most features see sample_quick_overview More...
void	sample::sample_quick_overview ()
	a brief tour over most features More...
void	sample::sample_substr ()
	demonstrate usage of ryml::substr and ryml::csubstr More...
void	sample::sample_parse_file ()
	demonstrate how to load a YAML file from disk to parse with ryml. More...
void	sample::sample_parse_in_place ()
	demonstrate in-place parsing of a mutable YAML source buffer. More...
void	sample::sample_parse_in_arena ()
	demonstrate parsing of a read-only YAML source buffer More...
void	sample::sample_parse_reuse_tree ()
	demonstrate reuse/modification of tree when parsing More...
void	sample::sample_parse_reuse_parser ()
	Demonstrates reuse of an existing parser. More...
void	sample::sample_parse_reuse_tree_and_parser ()
	for ultimate speed when parsing multiple times, reuse both the tree and parser More...
void	sample::sample_iterate_trees ()
	shows how to programatically iterate through trees More...
void	sample::sample_create_trees ()
	shows how to programatically create trees More...
void	sample::sample_tree_arena ()
	demonstrates explicit and implicit interaction with the tree's string arena. More...
void	sample::sample_fundamental_types ()
	ryml provides facilities for serializing and deserializing the C++ fundamental types, including boolean and null values; this is provided by the several overloads in to_chars: generalized chars to value and from_chars: generalized chars to value. More...
void	sample::sample_empty_null_values ()
	Shows how to deal with empty/null values. More...
void	sample::sample_formatting ()
	ryml provides facilities for formatting/deformatting (imported from c4core into the ryml namespace). More...
void	sample::sample_base64 ()
	demonstrates how to read and write base64-encoded blobs. More...
void	sample::sample_user_scalar_types ()
	to add scalar types (ie leaf types converting to/from string), define the functions above for those types. More...
void	sample::sample_user_container_types ()
	shows how to serialize/deserialize container types. More...
void	sample::sample_std_types ()
	demonstrates usage with the std implementations provided by ryml in the ryml_std.hpp header More...
void	sample::sample_float_precision ()
	control precision of serialized floats More...
void	sample::sample_emit_to_container ()
	demonstrates how to emit to a linear container of char More...
void	sample::sample_emit_to_stream ()
	demonstrates how to emit to a stream-like structure More...
void	sample::sample_emit_to_file ()
	demonstrates how to emit to a FILE* More...
void	sample::sample_emit_nested_node ()
	just like parsing into a nested node, you can also emit from a nested node. More...
void	sample::sample_emit_style ()
	[experimental] pick flow/block style for certain nodes. More...
void	sample::sample_json ()
	shows how to parse and emit JSON. More...
void	sample::sample_anchors_and_aliases ()
	demonstrates usage with anchors and alias references. More...
void	sample::sample_tags ()
void	sample::sample_tag_directives ()
void	sample::sample_docs ()
void	sample::sample_error_handler ()
	demonstrates how to set a custom error handler for ryml More...
void	sample::sample_global_allocator ()
	demonstrates how to set the global allocator for ryml More...
void	sample::sample_per_tree_allocator ()
void	sample::sample_static_trees ()
	shows how to work around the static initialization order fiasco when using a static-duration ryml tree More...
void	sample::sample_location_tracking ()
	demonstrates how to obtain the (zero-based) location of a node from a recently parsed tree More...

Variables
ryml::Callbacks	sample::ErrorHandlerExample::defaults

Detailed Description

Example code for every feature.

This file does a quick tour of ryml.

It has multiple self-contained and well-commented samples that illustrate how to use ryml, and how it works.

Although this is not a unit test, the samples are written as a sequence of actions and predicate checks to better convey what is the expected result at any stage. And to ensure the code here is correct and up to date, it's also run as part of the CI tests.

If something is unclear, please open an issue or send a pull request at https://github.com/biojppm/rapidyaml . If you have an issue while using ryml, it is also encouraged to try to reproduce the issue here, or look first through the relevant section.

Happy ryml'ing!

Some guidance on building

The directories that exist side-by-side with this file contain several examples on how to build this with cmake, such that you can hit the ground running. See the relevant section of the main README for an overview of the different choices. I suggest starting first with the add_subdirectory example, treating it just like any other self-contained cmake project.

Or very quickly, to build and run this sample on your PC, start by creating this CMakeLists.txt:

cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.13)
project(ryml-quickstart LANGUAGES CXX)
include(FetchContent)
FetchContent_Declare(ryml
    GIT_REPOSITORY https://github.com/biojppm/rapidyaml.git
    GIT_TAG v0.7.1
    GIT_SHALLOW FALSE  # ensure submodules are checked out
)
FetchContent_MakeAvailable(ryml)
add_executable(ryml-quickstart ${ryml_SOURCE_DIR}/samples/quickstart.cpp)
target_link_libraries(ryml-quickstart ryml::ryml)
add_custom_target(run ryml-quickstart
    COMMAND $<TARGET_FILE:ryml-quickstart>
    DEPENDS ryml-quickstart
    COMMENT "running: $<TARGET_FILE:ryml-quickstart>")

Now run the following commands in the same folder:

# configure the project
cmake -S . -B build
# build and run
cmake --build build --target ryml-quickstart -j
# optionally, open in your IDE
cmake --open build

Function Documentation

callbacks()

ryml::Callbacks sample::ErrorHandlerExample::callbacks

(

)

a helper to create the Callbacks object with the custom error handler

Definition at line 5281 of file quickstart.cpp.

{
    return ryml::Callbacks(this, nullptr, nullptr, ErrorHandlerExample::s_error);
}

References sample::ErrorHandlerExample::s_error().

Referenced by sample::sample_error_handler(), sample::sample_fundamental_types(), and sample::sample_quick_overview().

s_error()

static void sample::ErrorHandlerExample::s_error ( const char *  msg, size_t  len, ryml::Location  loc, void *  this_  )

static

Referenced by sample::ErrorHandlerExample::callbacks(), and sample::ErrorHandlerExample::check_effect().

check_error_occurs()

template<class Fn >

bool sample::ErrorHandlerExample::check_error_occurs

(

Fn &&

fn

)

const

Referenced by sample::sample_error_handler(), sample::sample_fundamental_types(), and sample::sample_quick_overview().

check_assertion_occurs()

template<class Fn >

bool sample::ErrorHandlerExample::check_assertion_occurs

(

Fn &&

fn

)

const

Referenced by sample::sample_quick_overview().

check_effect()

void sample::ErrorHandlerExample::check_effect

(

bool

committed

)

const

Definition at line 5286 of file quickstart.cpp.

{
    ryml::Callbacks const& current = ryml::get_callbacks();
    if(committed)
    {
        CHECK((ryml::pfn_error)current.m_error == &s_error);
    }
    else
    {
        CHECK((ryml::pfn_error)current.m_error != &s_error);
    }
    CHECK(current.m_allocate == defaults.m_allocate);
    CHECK(current.m_free == defaults.m_free);
}

References CHECK, sample::ErrorHandlerExample::defaults, c4::yml::get_callbacks(), c4::yml::Callbacks::m_allocate, c4::yml::Callbacks::m_error, c4::yml::Callbacks::m_free, and sample::ErrorHandlerExample::s_error().

Referenced by sample::sample_error_handler().

ErrorHandlerExample()

sample::ErrorHandlerExample::ErrorHandlerExample ( )

inline

Definition at line 250 of file quickstart.cpp.

: defaults(ryml::get_callbacks()) {}

ScopedErrorHandlerExample()

sample::ScopedErrorHandlerExample::ScopedErrorHandlerExample ( )

inline

Definition at line 256 of file quickstart.cpp.

: ErrorHandlerExample() { ryml::set_callbacks(callbacks()); check_effect(true); }

References c4::yml::set_callbacks().

~ScopedErrorHandlerExample()

sample::ScopedErrorHandlerExample::~ScopedErrorHandlerExample ( )

inline

Definition at line 257 of file quickstart.cpp.

{ ryml::set_callbacks(defaults); check_effect(false); }

References c4::yml::set_callbacks().

sample_lightning_overview()

void sample::sample_lightning_overview

(

)

a lightning tour over most features see sample_quick_overview

Definition at line 269 of file quickstart.cpp.

{
    // Parse YAML code in place, potentially mutating the buffer:
    char yml_buf[] = "{foo: 1, bar: [2, 3], john: doe}";
    ryml::Tree tree = ryml::parse_in_place(yml_buf);
 
    // read from the tree:
    ryml::NodeRef bar = tree["bar"];
    CHECK(bar[0].val() == "2");
    CHECK(bar[1].val() == "3");
    CHECK(bar[0].val().str == yml_buf + 15); // points at the source buffer
    CHECK(bar[1].val().str == yml_buf + 18);
 
    // deserializing:
    int bar0 = 0, bar1 = 0;
    bar[0] >> bar0;
    bar[1] >> bar1;
    CHECK(bar0 == 2);
    CHECK(bar1 == 3);
 
    // serializing:
    bar[0] << 10; // creates a string in the tree's arena
    bar[1] << 11;
    CHECK(bar[0].val() == "10");
    CHECK(bar[1].val() == "11");
 
    // add nodes
    bar.append_child() << 12; // see also operator= (explanation below)
    CHECK(bar[2].val() == "12");
 
    // emit tree
    // to std::string
    CHECK(ryml::emitrs_yaml<std::string>(tree) == R"({foo: 1,bar: [10,11,12],john: doe})");
    std::cout << tree; // emit to ostream
    ryml::emit_yaml(tree, stdout); // emit to FILE*
 
    // emit node
    ryml::ConstNodeRef foo = tree["foo"];
    // to std::string
    CHECK(ryml::emitrs_yaml<std::string>(foo) == "foo: 1\n");
    std::cout << foo; // emit node to ostream
    ryml::emit_yaml(foo, stdout); // emit node to FILE*
}

References c4::yml::NodeRef::append_child(), CHECK, c4::yml::emit_yaml(), and c4::yml::parse_in_place().

sample_quick_overview()

void sample::sample_quick_overview

(

)

a brief tour over most features

Definition at line 317 of file quickstart.cpp.

{
    // Parse YAML code in place, potentially mutating the buffer:
    char yml_buf[] = R"(
foo: 1
bar: [2, 3]
john: doe)";
    ryml::Tree tree = ryml::parse_in_place(yml_buf);
 
    // The resulting tree contains only views to the parsed string. If
    // the string was parsed in place, then the string must outlive
    // the tree! This works in this case because `yml_buf` and `tree`
    // live on the same scope, so have the same lifetime.
 
    // It is also possible to:
    //
    //   - parse a read-only buffer using parse_in_arena(). This
    //     copies the YAML buffer to the tree's arena, and spares the
    //     headache of the string's lifetime.
    //
    //   - reuse an existing tree (advised)
    //
    //   - reuse an existing parser (advised)
    //
    //   - parse into an existing node deep in a tree
    //
    // Note: it will always be significantly faster to parse in place
    // and reuse tree+parser.
    //
    // Below you will find samples that show how to achieve reuse; but
    // please note that for brevity and clarity, many of the examples
    // here are parsing in the arena, and not reusing tree or parser.
 
 
    //------------------------------------------------------------------
    // API overview
 
    // ryml has a two-level API:
    //
    // The lower level index API is based on the indices of nodes,
    // where the node's id is the node's position in the tree's data
    // array. This API is very efficient, but somewhat difficult to use:
    ryml::id_type root_id = tree.root_id();
    ryml::id_type bar_id = tree.find_child(root_id, "bar"); // need to get the index right
    CHECK(tree.is_map(root_id)); // all of the index methods are in the tree
    CHECK(tree.is_seq(bar_id));  // ... and receive the subject index
 
    // The node API is a lightweight abstraction sitting on top of the
    // index API, but offering a much more convenient interaction:
    ryml::ConstNodeRef root = tree.rootref();  // a const node reference
    ryml::ConstNodeRef bar = tree["bar"];
    CHECK(root.is_map());
    CHECK(bar.is_seq());
 
    // A node ref is a lightweight handle to the tree and associated id:
    CHECK(root.tree() == &tree); // a node ref points at its tree, WITHOUT refcount
    CHECK(root.id() == root_id); // a node ref's id is the index of the node
    CHECK(bar.id() == bar_id);   // a node ref's id is the index of the node
 
    // The node API translates very cleanly to the index API, so most
    // of the code examples below are using the node API.
 
    // WARNING. A node ref holds a raw pointer to the tree. Care must
    // be taken to ensure the lifetimes match, so that a node will
    // never access the tree after the goes out of scope.
 
 
    //------------------------------------------------------------------
    // To read the parsed tree
 
    // ConstNodeRef::operator[] does a lookup, is O(num_children[node]).
    CHECK(tree["foo"].is_keyval());
    CHECK(tree["foo"].val() == "1");   // get the val of a node (must be leaf node, otherwise it is a container and has no val)
    CHECK(tree["foo"].key() == "foo"); // get the key of a node (must be child of a map, otherwise it has no key)
    CHECK(tree["bar"].is_seq());
    CHECK(tree["bar"].has_key());
    CHECK(tree["bar"].key() == "bar");
    // maps use string keys, seqs use index keys:
    CHECK(tree["bar"][0].val() == "2");
    CHECK(tree["bar"][1].val() == "3");
    CHECK(tree["john"].val() == "doe");
    // An index key is the position of the child within its parent,
    // so even maps can also use int keys, if the key position is
    // known.
    CHECK(tree[0].id() == tree["foo"].id());
    CHECK(tree[1].id() == tree["bar"].id());
    CHECK(tree[2].id() == tree["john"].id());
    // Tree::operator[](int) searches a ***root*** child by its position.
    CHECK(tree[0].id() == tree["foo"].id());  // 0: first child of root
    CHECK(tree[1].id() == tree["bar"].id());  // 1: second child of root
    CHECK(tree[2].id() == tree["john"].id()); // 2: third child of root
    // NodeRef::operator[](int) searches a ***node*** child by its position:
    CHECK(bar[0].val() == "2"); // 0 means first child of bar
    CHECK(bar[1].val() == "3"); // 1 means second child of bar
    // NodeRef::operator[](string):
    // A string key is the key of the node: lookup is by name. So it
    // is only available for maps, and it is NOT available for seqs,
    // since seq members do not have keys.
    CHECK(tree["foo"].key() == "foo");
    CHECK(tree["bar"].key() == "bar");
    CHECK(tree["john"].key() == "john");
    CHECK(bar.is_seq());
    // CHECK(bar["BOOM!"].is_seed()); // error, seqs do not have key lookup
 
    // Note that maps can also use index keys as well as string keys:
    CHECK(root["foo"].id() == root[0].id());
    CHECK(root["bar"].id() == root[1].id());
    CHECK(root["john"].id() == root[2].id());
 
    // IMPORTANT. The ryml tree uses an index-based linked list for
    // storing children, so the complexity of
    // `Tree::operator[csubstr]` and `Tree::operator[id_type]` is O(n),
    // linear on the number of root children. If you use
    // `Tree::operator[]` with a large tree where the root has many
    // children, you will see a performance hit.
    //
    // To avoid this hit, you can create your own accelerator
    // structure. For example, before doing a lookup, do a single
    // traverse at the root level to fill an `map<csubstr,id_type>`
    // mapping key names to node indices; with a node index, a lookup
    // (via `Tree::get()`) is O(1), so this way you can get O(log n)
    // lookup from a key. (But please do not use `std::map` if you
    // care about performance; use something else like a flat map or
    // sorted vector).
    //
    // As for node refs, the difference from `NodeRef::operator[]` and
    // `ConstNodeRef::operator[]` to `Tree::operator[]` is that the
    // latter refers to the root node, whereas the former are invoked
    // on their target node. But the lookup process works the same for
    // both and their algorithmic complexity is the same: they are
    // both linear in the number of direct children. But of course,
    // depending on the data, that number may be very different from
    // one to another.
 
 
    //------------------------------------------------------------------
    // Hierarchy:
 
    {
        ryml::ConstNodeRef foo = root.first_child();
        ryml::ConstNodeRef john = root.last_child();
        CHECK(tree.size() == 6); // O(1) number of nodes in the tree
        CHECK(root.num_children() == 3); // O(num_children[root])
        CHECK(foo.num_siblings() == 3); // O(num_children[parent(foo)])
        CHECK(foo.parent().id() == root.id()); // parent() is O(1)
        CHECK(root.first_child().id() == root["foo"].id()); // first_child() is O(1)
        CHECK(root.last_child().id() == root["john"].id()); // last_child() is O(1)
        CHECK(john.first_sibling().id() == foo.id());
        CHECK(foo.last_sibling().id() == john.id());
        // prev_sibling(), next_sibling(): (both are O(1))
        CHECK(foo.num_siblings() == root.num_children());
        CHECK(foo.prev_sibling().id() == ryml::NONE); // foo is the first_child()
        CHECK(foo.next_sibling().key() == "bar");
        CHECK(foo.next_sibling().next_sibling().key() == "john");
        CHECK(foo.next_sibling().next_sibling().next_sibling().id() == ryml::NONE); // john is the last_child()
    }
 
 
    //------------------------------------------------------------------
    // Iterating:
    {
        ryml::csubstr expected_keys[] = {"foo", "bar", "john"};
        // iterate children using the high-level node API:
        {
            ryml::id_type count = 0;
            for(ryml::ConstNodeRef const& child : root.children())
                CHECK(child.key() == expected_keys[count++]);
        }
        // iterate siblings using the high-level node API:
        {
            ryml::id_type count = 0;
            for(ryml::ConstNodeRef const& child : root["foo"].siblings())
                CHECK(child.key() == expected_keys[count++]);
        }
        // iterate children using the lower-level tree index API:
        {
            ryml::id_type count = 0;
            for(ryml::id_type child_id = tree.first_child(root_id); child_id != ryml::NONE; child_id = tree.next_sibling(child_id))
                CHECK(tree.key(child_id) == expected_keys[count++]);
        }
        // iterate siblings using the lower-level tree index API:
        // (notice the only difference from above is in the loop
        // preamble, which calls tree.first_sibling(bar_id) instead of
        // tree.first_child(root_id))
        {
            ryml::id_type count = 0;
            for(ryml::id_type child_id = tree.first_sibling(bar_id); child_id != ryml::NONE; child_id = tree.next_sibling(child_id))
                CHECK(tree.key(child_id) == expected_keys[count++]);
        }
    }
 
 
    //------------------------------------------------------------------
    // Gotchas:
 
    // ryml uses assertions to prevent you from trying to obtain
    // things that do not exist. For example:
 
    {
        ryml::ConstNodeRef seq_node = tree["bar"];
        ryml::ConstNodeRef val_node = seq_node[0];
 
        CHECK(seq_node.is_seq());          // seq is a container
        CHECK(!seq_node.has_val());        // ... so it has no val
        //CHECK(seq_node.val() == BOOM!);  // ... so attempting to get a val is undefined behavior
 
        CHECK(val_node.parent() == seq_node); // belongs to a seq
        CHECK(!val_node.has_key());           // ... so it has no key
        //CHECK(val_node.key() == BOOM!);     // ... so attempting to get a key is undefined behavior
 
        CHECK(val_node.is_val());         // this node is a val
        //CHECK(val_node.first_child() == BOOM!); // ... so attempting to get a child is undefined behavior
 
        // assertions are also present in methods that /may/ read the val:
        CHECK(seq_node.is_seq());              // seq is a container
        //CHECK(seq_node.val_is_null() BOOM!); // so cannot get the val to check
    }
 
    // By default, assertions are enabled unless the NDEBUG macro is
    // defined (which happens in release builds).
    //
    // This adheres to the pay-only-for-what-you-use philosophy: if
    // you are sure that your intent is correct, why would you need to
    // pay the runtime cost for the assertions?
    //
    // The downside, of course, is that when you are not sure, release
    // builds may be doing something crazy.
    //
    // So in that case, you can either use the appropriate ryml
    // predicates to check your intent (as in the examples above), or
    // you can override this behavior and enable/disable assertions,
    // by defining the macro RYML_USE_ASSERT to a proper value (see
    // c4/yml/common.hpp).
    //
    // Also, to be clear, this does not apply to parse errors
    // occurring when the YAML is parsed. Checking for these errors is
    // always enabled and cannot be switched off.
 
 
    //------------------------------------------------------------------
    // Deserializing: use operator>>
    {
        int foo = 0, bar0 = 0, bar1 = 0;
        std::string john_str;
        std::string bar_str;
        root["foo"] >> foo;
        root["bar"][0] >> bar0;
        root["bar"][1] >> bar1;
        root["john"] >> john_str; // requires from_chars(std::string). see serialization samples below.
        root["bar"] >> ryml::key(bar_str); // to deserialize the key, use the tag function ryml::key()
        CHECK(foo == 1);
        CHECK(bar0 == 2);
        CHECK(bar1 == 3);
        CHECK(john_str == "doe");
        CHECK(bar_str == "bar");
    }
 
 
    //------------------------------------------------------------------
    // Modifying existing nodes: operator= vs operator<<
 
    // As implied by its name, ConstNodeRef is a reference to a const
    // node. It can be used to read from the node, but not write to it
    // or modify the hierarchy of the node. If any modification is
    // desired then a NodeRef must be used instead:
    ryml::NodeRef wroot = tree.rootref(); // writeable root
 
    // operator= assigns an existing string to the receiving node.
    // The contents are NOT copied, and the string pointer will be in
    // effect until the tree goes out of scope! So BEWARE to only
    // assign from strings outliving the tree.
    wroot["foo"] = "says you";
    wroot["bar"][0] = "-2";
    wroot["bar"][1] = "-3";
    wroot["john"] = "ron";
    // Now the tree is _pointing_ at the memory of the strings above.
    // In this case it is OK because those are static strings, located
    // in the executable's static section, and will outlive the tree.
    CHECK(root["foo"].val() == "says you");
    CHECK(root["bar"][0].val() == "-2");
    CHECK(root["bar"][1].val() == "-3");
    CHECK(root["john"].val() == "ron");
    // But WATCHOUT: do not assign from temporary objects:
    // {
    //     std::string crash("will dangle");
    //     root["john"] = ryml::to_csubstr(crash);
    // }
    // CHECK(root["john"] == "dangling"); // CRASH! the string was deallocated
 
    // operator<<: for cases where the lifetime of the string is
    // problematic WRT the tree, you can create and save a string in
    // the tree using operator<<. It first serializes values to a
    // string arena owned by the tree, then assigns the serialized
    // string to the receiving node. This avoids constraints with the
    // lifetime, since the arena lives with the tree.
    CHECK(tree.arena().empty());
    wroot["foo"] << "says who";  // requires to_chars(). see serialization samples below.
    wroot["bar"][0] << 20;
    wroot["bar"][1] << 30;
    wroot["john"] << "deere";
    CHECK(root["foo"].val() == "says who");
    CHECK(root["bar"][0].val() == "20");
    CHECK(root["bar"][1].val() == "30");
    CHECK(root["john"].val() == "deere");
    CHECK(tree.arena() == "says who2030deere"); // the result of serializations to the tree arena
    // using operator<< instead of operator=, the crash above is avoided:
    {
        std::string ok("in_scope");
        // root["john"] = ryml::to_csubstr(ok); // don't, will dangle
        wroot["john"] << ryml::to_csubstr(ok); // OK, copy to the tree's arena
    }
    CHECK(root["john"].val() == "in_scope"); // OK!
    // serializing floating points:
    wroot["float"] << 2.4;
    // to force a particular precision or float format:
    // (see sample_float_precision() and sample_formatting())
    wroot["digits"] << ryml::fmt::real(2.4, /*num_digits*/6, ryml::FTOA_FLOAT);
    CHECK(tree.arena() == "says who2030deerein_scope2.42.400000"); // the result of serializations to the tree arena
 
 
    //------------------------------------------------------------------
    // Adding new nodes:
 
    // adding a keyval node to a map:
    CHECK(root.num_children() == 5);
    wroot["newkeyval"] = "shiny and new"; // using these strings
    wroot.append_child() << ryml::key("newkeyval (serialized)") << "shiny and new (serialized)"; // serializes and assigns the serialization
    CHECK(root.num_children() == 7);
    CHECK(root["newkeyval"].key() == "newkeyval");
    CHECK(root["newkeyval"].val() == "shiny and new");
    CHECK(root["newkeyval (serialized)"].key() == "newkeyval (serialized)");
    CHECK(root["newkeyval (serialized)"].val() == "shiny and new (serialized)");
    CHECK( ! tree.in_arena(root["newkeyval"].key())); // it's using directly the static string above
    CHECK( ! tree.in_arena(root["newkeyval"].val())); // it's using directly the static string above
    CHECK(   tree.in_arena(root["newkeyval (serialized)"].key())); // it's using a serialization of the string above
    CHECK(   tree.in_arena(root["newkeyval (serialized)"].val())); // it's using a serialization of the string above
    // adding a val node to a seq:
    CHECK(root["bar"].num_children() == 2);
    wroot["bar"][2] = "oh so nice";
    wroot["bar"][3] << "oh so nice (serialized)";
    CHECK(root["bar"].num_children() == 4);
    CHECK(root["bar"][2].val() == "oh so nice");
    CHECK(root["bar"][3].val() == "oh so nice (serialized)");
    // adding a seq node:
    CHECK(root.num_children() == 7);
    wroot["newseq"] |= ryml::SEQ;
    wroot.append_child() << ryml::key("newseq (serialized)") |= ryml::SEQ;
    CHECK(root.num_children() == 9);
    CHECK(root["newseq"].num_children() == 0);
    CHECK(root["newseq"].is_seq());
    CHECK(root["newseq (serialized)"].num_children() == 0);
    CHECK(root["newseq (serialized)"].is_seq());
    // adding a map node:
    CHECK(root.num_children() == 9);
    wroot["newmap"] |= ryml::MAP;
    wroot.append_child() << ryml::key("newmap (serialized)") |= ryml::MAP;
    CHECK(root.num_children() == 11);
    CHECK(root["newmap"].num_children() == 0);
    CHECK(root["newmap"].is_map());
    CHECK(root["newmap (serialized)"].num_children() == 0);
    CHECK(root["newmap (serialized)"].is_map());
    //
    // When the tree is mutable, operator[] first searches the tree
    // for the does not mutate the tree until the returned node is
    // written to.
    //
    // Until such time, the NodeRef object keeps in itself the required
    // information to write to the proper place in the tree. This is
    // called being in a "seed" state.
    //
    // This means that passing a key/index which does not exist will
    // not mutate the tree, but will instead store (in the node) the
    // proper place of the tree to be able to do so, if and when it is
    // required. This is why the node is said to be in "seed" state -
    // it allows creating the entry in the tree in the future.
    //
    // This is a significant difference from eg, the behavior of
    // std::map, which mutates the map immediately within the call to
    // operator[].
    //
    // All of the points above apply only if the tree is mutable. If
    // the tree is const, then a NodeRef cannot be obtained from it;
    // only a ConstNodeRef, which can never be used to mutate the
    // tree.
    //
    CHECK(!root.has_child("I am not nothing"));
    ryml::NodeRef nothing;
    CHECK(nothing.invalid());    // invalid because it points at nothing
    nothing = wroot["I am nothing"];
    CHECK(!nothing.invalid());   // points at the tree, and a specific place in the tree
    CHECK(nothing.is_seed()); // ... but nothing is there yet.
    CHECK(!root.has_child("I am nothing")); // same as above
    CHECK(!nothing.readable()); // ... and this node cannot be used to
                                // read anything from the tree
    ryml::NodeRef something = wroot["I am something"];
    ryml::ConstNodeRef constsomething = wroot["I am something"];
    CHECK(!root.has_child("I am something")); // same as above
    CHECK(!something.invalid());
    CHECK(something.is_seed()); // same as above
    CHECK(!something.readable()); // same as above
    CHECK(constsomething.invalid()); // NOTE: because a ConstNodeRef cannot be
                                     // used to mutate a tree, it is only valid()
                                     // if it is pointing at an existing node.
    something = "indeed";  // this will commit the seed to the tree, mutating at the proper place
    CHECK(root.has_child("I am something"));
    CHECK(root["I am something"].val() == "indeed");
    CHECK(!something.invalid()); // it was already valid
    CHECK(!something.is_seed()); // now the tree has this node, so the
                                 // ref is no longer a seed
    CHECK(something.readable()); // and it is now readable
    //
    // now the constref is also valid (but it needs to be reassigned):
    ryml::ConstNodeRef constsomethingnew = wroot["I am something"];
    CHECK(!constsomethingnew.invalid());
    CHECK(constsomethingnew.readable());
    // note that the old constref is now stale, because it only keeps
    // the state at creation:
    CHECK(constsomething.invalid());
    CHECK(!constsomething.readable());
    //
    // -----------------------------------------------------------
    // Remember: a seed node cannot be used to read from the tree!
    // -----------------------------------------------------------
    //
    // The seed node needs to be created and become readable first.
    //
    // Trying to invoke any tree-reading method on a node that is not
    // readable will cause an assertion (see RYML_USE_ASSERT).
    //
    // It is your responsibility to verify that the preconditions are
    // met. If you are not sure about the structure of your data,
    // write your code defensively to signify your full intent:
    //
    ryml::NodeRef wbar = wroot["bar"];
    if(wbar.readable() && wbar.is_seq()) // .is_seq() requires .readable()
    {
        CHECK(wbar[0].readable() && wbar[0].val() == "20");
        CHECK( ! wbar[100].readable());
        CHECK( ! wbar[100].readable() || wbar[100].val() == "100"); // <- no crash because it is not .readable(), so never tries to call .val()
        // this would work as well:
        CHECK( ! wbar[0].is_seed() && wbar[0].val() == "20");
        CHECK(wbar[100].is_seed() || wbar[100].val() == "100");
    }
 
 
    //------------------------------------------------------------------
    // .operator[]() vs .at()
 
    // (Const)NodeRef::operator[]() is an analogue to std::vector::operator[].
    // (Const)NodeRef::at() is an analogue to std::vector::at()
    //
    // at() will always check the subject node is .readable().
    //
    // [] is meant for the happy path, and unverified in Release
    // builds.
    {
        // in this example we will be checking errors, so set up a
        // temporary error handler to catch them:
        ScopedErrorHandlerExample errh;
        // instantiate the tree after errh
        ryml::Tree err_tree = ryml::parse_in_arena("{foo: bar}");
        // ... so that the tree uses the current callbacks:
        CHECK(err_tree.callbacks() == errh.callbacks());
        // node does not exist, only a seed node
        ryml::NodeRef seed_node = err_tree["this"];
        // ... therefore not .readable()
        CHECK(!seed_node.readable());
        // using .at() reliably produces an error:
        CHECK(errh.check_error_occurs([&]{
            return seed_node.at("is").at("an").at("invalid").at("operation");
            //              ^
            //              error occurs here because it is unreadable
        }));
        // ... but using [] fails only when RYML_USE_ASSERT is
        // defined. otherwise, it's the dreaded Undefined Behavior:
        CHECK(errh.check_assertion_occurs([&]{
            return seed_node["is"]["an"]["invalid"]["operation"];
            //              ^
            //              assertion occurs here because it is unreadable
        }));
    }
 
 
    //------------------------------------------------------------------
    // Emitting:
 
    ryml::csubstr expected_result = R"(foo: says who
bar: [20,30,oh so nice,oh so nice (serialized)]
john: in_scope
float: 2.4
digits: 2.400000
newkeyval: shiny and new
newkeyval (serialized): shiny and new (serialized)
newseq: []
newseq (serialized): []
newmap: {}
newmap (serialized): {}
I am something: indeed
)";
 
    // emit to a FILE*
    ryml::emit_yaml(tree, stdout);
    // emit to a stream
    std::stringstream ss;
    ss << tree;
    std::string stream_result = ss.str();
    // emit to a buffer:
    std::string str_result = ryml::emitrs_yaml<std::string>(tree);
    // can emit to any given buffer:
    char buf[1024];
    ryml::csubstr buf_result = ryml::emit_yaml(tree, buf);
    // now check
    CHECK(buf_result == expected_result);
    CHECK(str_result == expected_result);
    CHECK(stream_result == expected_result);
    // There are many possibilities to emit to buffer;
    // please look at the emit sample functions below.
 
 
    //------------------------------------------------------------------
    // ConstNodeRef vs NodeRef
 
    ryml::NodeRef noderef = tree["bar"][0];
    ryml::ConstNodeRef constnoderef = tree["bar"][0];
 
    // ConstNodeRef cannot be used to mutate the tree:
    //constnoderef = "21";  // compile error
    //constnoderef << "22"; // compile error
    // ... but a NodeRef can:
    noderef = "21";         // ok, can assign because it's not const
    CHECK(tree["bar"][0].val() == "21");
    noderef << "22";        // ok, can serialize and assign because it's not const
    CHECK(tree["bar"][0].val() == "22");
 
    // it is not possible to obtain a NodeRef from a ConstNodeRef:
    // noderef = constnoderef; // compile error
 
    // it is always possible to obtain a ConstNodeRef from a NodeRef:
    constnoderef = noderef;    // ok can assign const <- nonconst
 
    // If a tree is const, then only ConstNodeRef's can be
    // obtained from that tree:
    ryml::Tree const& consttree = tree;
    //noderef = consttree["bar"][0];    // compile error
    noderef = tree["bar"][0];           // ok
    constnoderef = consttree["bar"][0]; // ok
 
    // ConstNodeRef and NodeRef can be compared for equality.
    // Equality means they point at the same node.
    CHECK(constnoderef == noderef);
    CHECK(!(constnoderef != noderef));
 
 
    //------------------------------------------------------------------
    // Getting the location of nodes in the source:
    //
    // Location tracking is opt-in:
    ryml::EventHandlerTree evt_handler = {};
    ryml::Parser parser(&evt_handler, ryml::ParserOptions().locations(true));
    // Now the parser will start by building the accelerator structure:
    ryml::Tree tree2 = parse_in_arena(&parser, "expected.yml", expected_result);
    // ... and use it when querying
    ryml::ConstNodeRef subject_node = tree2["bar"][1];
    CHECK(subject_node.val() == "30");
    ryml::Location loc = parser.location(subject_node);
    CHECK(parser.location_contents(loc).begins_with("30"));
    CHECK(loc.line == 1u);
    CHECK(loc.col == 9u);
    // For further details in location tracking,
    // refer to the sample function below.
 
    //------------------------------------------------------------------
    // Dealing with UTF8
    ryml::Tree langs = ryml::parse_in_arena(R"(
en: Planet (Gas)
fr: Planète (Gazeuse)
ru: Планета (Газ)
ja: 惑星（ガス）
zh: 行星（气体）
# UTF8 decoding only happens in double-quoted strings,
# as per the YAML standard
decode this: "\u263A \xE2\x98\xBA"
and this as well: "\u2705 \U0001D11E"
not decoded: '\u263A \xE2\x98\xBA'
neither this: '\u2705 \U0001D11E'
)");
    // in-place UTF8 just works:
    CHECK(langs["en"].val() == "Planet (Gas)");
    CHECK(langs["fr"].val() == "Planète (Gazeuse)");
    CHECK(langs["ru"].val() == "Планета (Газ)");
    CHECK(langs["ja"].val() == "惑星（ガス）");
    CHECK(langs["zh"].val() == "行星（气体）");
    // and \x \u \U codepoints are decoded, but only when they appear
    // inside double-quoted strings, as dictated by the YAML
    // standard:
    CHECK(langs["decode this"].val() == "☺ ☺");
    CHECK(langs["and this as well"].val() == "✅ 𝄞");
    CHECK(langs["not decoded"].val() == "\\u263A \\xE2\\x98\\xBA");
    CHECK(langs["neither this"].val() == "\\u2705 \\U0001D11E");
}

References c4::yml::NodeRef::append_child(), c4::yml::Tree::arena(), sample::ErrorHandlerExample::callbacks(), c4::yml::Tree::callbacks(), CHECK, sample::ErrorHandlerExample::check_assertion_occurs(), sample::ErrorHandlerExample::check_error_occurs(), c4::yml::detail::RoNodeMethods< Impl, ConstImpl >::children(), c4::yml::Location::col, c4::yml::emit_yaml(), c4::yml::Tree::find_child(), c4::yml::detail::RoNodeMethods< Impl, ConstImpl >::first_child(), c4::yml::Tree::first_child(), c4::yml::detail::RoNodeMethods< Impl, ConstImpl >::first_sibling(), c4::yml::Tree::first_sibling(), c4::FTOA_FLOAT, c4::yml::detail::RoNodeMethods< Impl, ConstImpl >::has_child(), c4::yml::detail::RoNodeMethods< Impl, ConstImpl >::has_key(), c4::yml::detail::RoNodeMethods< Impl, ConstImpl >::has_val(), c4::yml::ConstNodeRef::id(), c4::yml::Tree::in_arena(), c4::yml::ConstNodeRef::invalid(), c4::yml::NodeRef::invalid(), c4::yml::detail::RoNodeMethods< Impl, ConstImpl >::is_map(), c4::yml::Tree::is_map(), c4::yml::NodeRef::is_seed(), c4::yml::detail::RoNodeMethods< Impl, ConstImpl >::is_seq(), c4::yml::Tree::is_seq(), c4::yml::detail::RoNodeMethods< Impl, ConstImpl >::is_val(), c4::yml::detail::RoNodeMethods< Impl, ConstImpl >::key(), c4::yml::Tree::key(), c4::yml::key(), c4::yml::detail::RoNodeMethods< Impl, ConstImpl >::last_child(), c4::yml::detail::RoNodeMethods< Impl, ConstImpl >::last_sibling(), c4::yml::Location::line, c4::yml::ParseEngine< EventHandler >::location(), c4::yml::ParseEngine< EventHandler >::location_contents(), c4::yml::MAP, c4::yml::detail::RoNodeMethods< Impl, ConstImpl >::next_sibling(), c4::yml::Tree::next_sibling(), c4::yml::NONE, c4::yml::detail::RoNodeMethods< Impl, ConstImpl >::num_children(), c4::yml::detail::RoNodeMethods< Impl, ConstImpl >::num_siblings(), c4::yml::detail::RoNodeMethods< Impl, ConstImpl >::parent(), c4::yml::parse_in_arena(), c4::yml::parse_in_place(), c4::yml::detail::RoNodeMethods< Impl, ConstImpl >::prev_sibling(), c4::yml::ConstNodeRef::readable(), c4::yml::NodeRef::readable(), c4::fmt::real(), c4::yml::Tree::root_id(), c4::yml::Tree::rootref(), c4::yml::SEQ, c4::yml::Tree::size(), c4::to_csubstr(), c4::yml::ConstNodeRef::tree(), and c4::yml::detail::RoNodeMethods< Impl, ConstImpl >::val().

sample_substr()

void sample::sample_substr

(

)

demonstrate usage of ryml::substr and ryml::csubstr

These types are imported from the c4core library into the ryml namespace You may have noticed above the use of a csubstr class. This class is defined in another library, c4core, which is imported by ryml. This is a library I use with my projects consisting of multiplatform low-level utilities. One of these is c4::csubstr (the name comes from "constant substring") which is a non-owning read-only string view, with many methods that make it practical to use (I would certainly argue more practical than std::string). In fact, c4::csubstr and its writeable counterpart c4::substr are the workhorses of the ryml parsing and serialization code.

See also

Substring: read/write string views

Definition at line 936 of file quickstart.cpp.

{
    // substr is a mutable view: pointer and length to a string in memory.
    // csubstr is a const-substr (immutable).
 
    // construct from explicit args
    {
        const char foobar_str[] = "foobar";
        auto s = ryml::csubstr(foobar_str, strlen(foobar_str));
        CHECK(s == "foobar");
        CHECK(s.size() == 6);
        CHECK(s.data() == foobar_str);
        CHECK(s.size() == s.len);
        CHECK(s.data() == s.str);
    }
 
    // construct from a string array
    {
        const char foobar_str[] = "foobar";
        ryml::csubstr s = foobar_str;
        CHECK(s == "foobar");
        CHECK(s != "foobar0");
        CHECK(s.size() == 6); // does not include the terminating \0
        CHECK(s.data() == foobar_str);
        CHECK(s.size() == s.len);
        CHECK(s.data() == s.str);
    }
    // you can also declare directly in-place from an array:
    {
        ryml::csubstr s = "foobar";
        CHECK(s == "foobar");
        CHECK(s != "foobar0");
        CHECK(s.size() == 6);
        CHECK(s.size() == s.len);
        CHECK(s.data() == s.str);
    }
 
    // construct from a C-string:
    //
    // Since the input is only a pointer, the string length can only
    // be found with a call to strlen(). To make this cost evident, we
    // require calling to_csubstr():
    {
        const char *foobar_str = "foobar";
        ryml::csubstr s = ryml::to_csubstr(foobar_str);
        CHECK(s == "foobar");
        CHECK(s != "foobar0");
        CHECK(s.size() == 6);
        CHECK(s.size() == s.len);
        CHECK(s.data() == s.str);
    }
 
    // construct from a std::string: same approach as above.
    // requires inclusion of the <ryml/std/string.hpp> header
    // or of the umbrella header <ryml_std.hpp>.
    //
    // not including <string> in the default header is a deliberate
    // design choice to avoid including the heavy std:: allocation
    // machinery
    {
        std::string foobar_str = "foobar";
        ryml::csubstr s = ryml::to_csubstr(foobar_str); // defined in <ryml/std/string.hpp>
        CHECK(s == "foobar");
        CHECK(s != "foobar0");
        CHECK(s.size() == 6);
        CHECK(s.size() == s.len);
        CHECK(s.data() == s.str);
    }
 
    // convert substr -> csubstr
    {
        char buf[] = "foo";
        ryml::substr foo = buf;
        CHECK(foo.len == 3);
        CHECK(foo.data() == buf);
        ryml::csubstr cfoo = foo;
        CHECK(cfoo.data() == buf);
    }
    // cannot convert csubstr -> substr:
    {
        // ryml::substr foo2 = cfoo; // compile error: cannot write to csubstr
    }
 
    // construct from char[]/const char[]: mutable vs immutable memory
    {
        char const foobar_str_ro[] = "foobar"; // ro := read-only
        char       foobar_str_rw[] = "foobar"; // rw := read-write
        static_assert(std::is_array<decltype(foobar_str_ro)>::value, "this is an array");
        static_assert(std::is_array<decltype(foobar_str_rw)>::value, "this is an array");
        // csubstr <- read-only memory
        {
            ryml::csubstr foobar = foobar_str_ro;
            CHECK(foobar.data() == foobar_str_ro);
            CHECK(foobar.size() == strlen(foobar_str_ro));
            CHECK(foobar == "foobar"); // AKA strcmp
        }
        // csubstr <- read-write memory: you can create an immutable csubstr from mutable memory
        {
            ryml::csubstr foobar = foobar_str_rw;
            CHECK(foobar.data() == foobar_str_rw);
            CHECK(foobar.size() == strlen(foobar_str_rw));
            CHECK(foobar == "foobar"); // AKA strcmp
        }
        // substr <- read-write memory.
        {
            ryml::substr foobar = foobar_str_rw;
            CHECK(foobar.data() == foobar_str_rw);
            CHECK(foobar.size() == strlen(foobar_str_rw));
            CHECK(foobar == "foobar"); // AKA strcmp
        }
        // substr <- ro is impossible.
        {
            //ryml::substr foobar = foobar_str_ro; // compile error!
        }
    }
 
    // construct from char*/const char*: mutable vs immutable memory.
    // use to_substr()/to_csubstr()
    {
        char const* foobar_str_ro = "foobar";       // ro := read-only
        char        foobar_str_rw_[] = "foobar";    // rw := read-write
        char      * foobar_str_rw = foobar_str_rw_; // rw := read-write
        static_assert(!std::is_array<decltype(foobar_str_ro)>::value, "this is a decayed pointer");
        static_assert(!std::is_array<decltype(foobar_str_rw)>::value, "this is a decayed pointer");
        // csubstr <- read-only memory
        {
            //ryml::csubstr foobar = foobar_str_ro; // compile error: length is not known
            ryml::csubstr foobar = ryml::to_csubstr(foobar_str_ro);
            CHECK(foobar.data() == foobar_str_ro);
            CHECK(foobar.size() == strlen(foobar_str_ro));
            CHECK(foobar == "foobar"); // AKA strcmp
        }
        // csubstr <- read-write memory: you can create an immutable csubstr from mutable memory
        {
            ryml::csubstr foobar = ryml::to_csubstr(foobar_str_rw);
            CHECK(foobar.data() == foobar_str_rw);
            CHECK(foobar.size() == strlen(foobar_str_rw));
            CHECK(foobar == "foobar"); // AKA strcmp
        }
        // substr <- read-write memory.
        {
            ryml::substr foobar = ryml::to_substr(foobar_str_rw);
            CHECK(foobar.data() == foobar_str_rw);
            CHECK(foobar.size() == strlen(foobar_str_rw));
            CHECK(foobar == "foobar"); // AKA strcmp
        }
        // substr <- read-only is impossible.
        {
            //ryml::substr foobar = ryml::to_substr(foobar_str_ro); // compile error!
        }
    }
 
    // substr is mutable, without changing the size:
    {
        char buf[] = "foobar";
        ryml::substr foobar = buf;
        CHECK(foobar == "foobar");
        foobar[0] = 'F';            CHECK(foobar == "Foobar");
        foobar.back() = 'R';        CHECK(foobar == "FoobaR");
        foobar.reverse();           CHECK(foobar == "RabooF");
        foobar.reverse();           CHECK(foobar == "FoobaR");
        foobar.reverse_sub(1, 4);   CHECK(foobar == "FabooR");
        foobar.reverse_sub(1, 4);   CHECK(foobar == "FoobaR");
        foobar.reverse_range(2, 5); CHECK(foobar == "FoaboR");
        foobar.reverse_range(2, 5); CHECK(foobar == "FoobaR");
        foobar.replace('o', '0');   CHECK(foobar == "F00baR");
        foobar.replace('a', '_');   CHECK(foobar == "F00b_R");
        foobar.replace("_0b", 'a'); CHECK(foobar == "FaaaaR");
        foobar.toupper();           CHECK(foobar == "FAAAAR");
        foobar.tolower();           CHECK(foobar == "faaaar");
        foobar.fill('.');           CHECK(foobar == "......");
        // see also:
        // - .erase()
        // - .replace_all()
    }
 
    // sub-views
    {
        ryml::csubstr s = "fooFOObarBAR";
        CHECK(s.len == 12u);
        // sub(): <- first,[num]
        CHECK(s.sub(0)     == "fooFOObarBAR");
        CHECK(s.sub(0, 12) == "fooFOObarBAR");
        CHECK(s.sub(0,  3) == "foo"         );
        CHECK(s.sub(3)     ==    "FOObarBAR");
        CHECK(s.sub(3,  3) ==    "FOO"      );
        CHECK(s.sub(6)     ==       "barBAR");
        CHECK(s.sub(6,  3) ==       "bar"   );
        CHECK(s.sub(9)     ==          "BAR");
        CHECK(s.sub(9,  3) ==          "BAR");
        // first(): <- length
        CHECK(s.first(0) == ""   );
        CHECK(s.first(1) == "f"  );
        CHECK(s.first(2) != "f"  );
        CHECK(s.first(2) == "fo" );
        CHECK(s.first(3) == "foo");
        // last(): <- length
        CHECK(s.last(0) ==    "");
        CHECK(s.last(1) ==   "R");
        CHECK(s.last(2) ==  "AR");
        CHECK(s.last(3) == "BAR");
        // range(): <- first, last
        CHECK(s.range(0, 12) == "fooFOObarBAR");
        CHECK(s.range(1, 12) ==  "ooFOObarBAR");
        CHECK(s.range(1, 11) ==  "ooFOObarBA" );
        CHECK(s.range(2, 10) ==   "oFOObarB"  );
        CHECK(s.range(3,  9) ==    "FOObar"   );
        // offs(): offset from beginning, end
        CHECK(s.offs(0, 0) == "fooFOObarBAR");
        CHECK(s.offs(1, 0) ==  "ooFOObarBAR");
        CHECK(s.offs(1, 1) ==  "ooFOObarBA" );
        CHECK(s.offs(2, 1) ==   "oFOObarBA" );
        CHECK(s.offs(2, 2) ==   "oFOObarB"  );
        CHECK(s.offs(3, 3) ==    "FOObar"  );
        // right_of(): <- pos, include_pos
        CHECK(s.right_of(0,  true) == "fooFOObarBAR");
        CHECK(s.right_of(0, false) ==  "ooFOObarBAR");
        CHECK(s.right_of(1,  true) ==  "ooFOObarBAR");
        CHECK(s.right_of(1, false) ==   "oFOObarBAR");
        CHECK(s.right_of(2,  true) ==   "oFOObarBAR");
        CHECK(s.right_of(2, false) ==    "FOObarBAR");
        CHECK(s.right_of(3,  true) ==    "FOObarBAR");
        CHECK(s.right_of(3, false) ==     "OObarBAR");
        // left_of() <- pos, include_pos
        CHECK(s.left_of(12, false) == "fooFOObarBAR");
        CHECK(s.left_of(11,  true) == "fooFOObarBAR");
        CHECK(s.left_of(11, false) == "fooFOObarBA" );
        CHECK(s.left_of(10,  true) == "fooFOObarBA" );
        CHECK(s.left_of(10, false) == "fooFOObarB"  );
        CHECK(s.left_of( 9,  true) == "fooFOObarB"  );
        CHECK(s.left_of( 9, false) == "fooFOObar"   );
        // left_of(),right_of() <- substr
        ryml::csubstr FOO = s.sub(3, 3);
        CHECK(s.is_super(FOO)); // required for the following
        CHECK(s.left_of(FOO) == "foo");
        CHECK(s.right_of(FOO) == "barBAR");
    }
 
    // printing a substr/csubstr using printf-like
    {
        ryml::csubstr s = "some substring";
        ryml::csubstr some = s.first(4);
        CHECK(some == "some");
        CHECK(s == "some substring");
        // To print a csubstr using printf(), use the %.*s format specifier:
        {
            char result[32] = {0};
            std::snprintf(result, sizeof(result), "%.*s", (int)some.len, some.str);
            printf("~~~%s~~~\n", result);
            CHECK(ryml::to_csubstr((const char*)result) == "some");
            CHECK(ryml::to_csubstr((const char*)result) == some);
        }
        // But NOTE: because this is a string view type, in general
        // the C-string is NOT zero terminated.  So NEVER print it
        // directly, or it will overflow past the end of the given
        // substr, with a potential unbounded access.  For example,
        // this is bad:
        {
            char result[32] = {0};
            std::snprintf(result, sizeof(result), "%s", some.str); // ERROR! do not print the c-string directly
            CHECK(ryml::to_csubstr((const char*)result) == "some substring");
            CHECK(ryml::to_csubstr((const char*)result) == s);
        }
    }
 
    // printing a substr/csubstr using ostreams
    {
        ryml::csubstr s = "some substring";
        ryml::csubstr some = s.first(4);
        CHECK(some == "some");
        CHECK(s == "some substring");
        // simple! just use plain operator<<
        {
            std::stringstream ss;
            ss << s;
            CHECK(ss.str() == "some substring"); // as expected
            CHECK(ss.str() == s); // as expected
        }
        // But NOTE: because this is a string view type, in general
        // the C-string is NOT zero terminated.  So NEVER print it
        // directly, or it will overflow past the end of the given
        // substr, with a potential unbounded access.  For example,
        // this is bad:
        {
            std::stringstream ss;
            ss << some.str; // ERROR! do not print the c-string directly
            CHECK(ss.str() == "some substring"); // NOT "some"
            CHECK(ss.str() == s); // NOT some
        }
        // this is also bad (the same)
        {
            std::stringstream ss;
            ss << some.data(); // ERROR! do not print the c-string directly
            CHECK(ss.str() == "some substring"); // NOT "some"
            CHECK(ss.str() == s); // NOT some
        }
        // this is ok:
        {
            std::stringstream ss;
            ss << some;
            CHECK(ss.str() == "some"); // ok
            CHECK(ss.str() == some); // ok
        }
    }
 
    // is_sub(),is_super()
    {
        ryml::csubstr foobar = "foobar";
        ryml::csubstr foo = foobar.first(3);
        CHECK(foo.is_sub(foobar));
        CHECK(foo.is_sub(foo));
        CHECK(!foo.is_super(foobar));
        CHECK(!foobar.is_sub(foo));
        // identity comparison is true:
        CHECK(foo.is_super(foo));
        CHECK(foo.is_sub(foo));
        CHECK(foobar.is_sub(foobar));
        CHECK(foobar.is_super(foobar));
    }
 
    // overlaps()
    {
        ryml::csubstr foobar = "foobar";
        ryml::csubstr foo = foobar.first(3);
        ryml::csubstr oba = foobar.offs(2, 1);
        ryml::csubstr abc = "abc";
        CHECK(foobar.overlaps(foo));
        CHECK(foobar.overlaps(oba));
        CHECK(foo.overlaps(foobar));
        CHECK(foo.overlaps(oba));
        CHECK(!foo.overlaps(abc));
        CHECK(!abc.overlaps(foo));
    }
 
    // triml(): trim characters from the left
    // trimr(): trim characters from the right
    // trim(): trim characters from left AND right
    {
        CHECK(ryml::csubstr(" \t\n\rcontents without whitespace\t \n\r").trim("\t \n\r") == "contents without whitespace");
        ryml::csubstr aaabbb = "aaabbb";
        ryml::csubstr aaa___bbb = "aaa___bbb";
        // trim a character:
        CHECK(aaabbb.triml('a') == aaabbb.last(3)); // bbb
        CHECK(aaabbb.trimr('a') == aaabbb);
        CHECK(aaabbb.trim ('a') == aaabbb.last(3)); // bbb
        CHECK(aaabbb.triml('b') == aaabbb);
        CHECK(aaabbb.trimr('b') == aaabbb.first(3)); // aaa
        CHECK(aaabbb.trim ('b') == aaabbb.first(3)); // aaa
        CHECK(aaabbb.triml('c') == aaabbb);
        CHECK(aaabbb.trimr('c') == aaabbb);
        CHECK(aaabbb.trim ('c') == aaabbb);
        CHECK(aaa___bbb.triml('a') == aaa___bbb.last(6)); // ___bbb
        CHECK(aaa___bbb.trimr('a') == aaa___bbb);
        CHECK(aaa___bbb.trim ('a') == aaa___bbb.last(6)); // ___bbb
        CHECK(aaa___bbb.triml('b') == aaa___bbb);
        CHECK(aaa___bbb.trimr('b') == aaa___bbb.first(6)); // aaa___
        CHECK(aaa___bbb.trim ('b') == aaa___bbb.first(6)); // aaa___
        CHECK(aaa___bbb.triml('c') == aaa___bbb);
        CHECK(aaa___bbb.trimr('c') == aaa___bbb);
        CHECK(aaa___bbb.trim ('c') == aaa___bbb);
        // trim ANY of the characters:
        CHECK(aaabbb.triml("ab") == "");
        CHECK(aaabbb.trimr("ab") == "");
        CHECK(aaabbb.trim ("ab") == "");
        CHECK(aaabbb.triml("ba") == "");
        CHECK(aaabbb.trimr("ba") == "");
        CHECK(aaabbb.trim ("ba") == "");
        CHECK(aaabbb.triml("cd") == aaabbb);
        CHECK(aaabbb.trimr("cd") == aaabbb);
        CHECK(aaabbb.trim ("cd") == aaabbb);
        CHECK(aaa___bbb.triml("ab") == aaa___bbb.last(6)); // ___bbb
        CHECK(aaa___bbb.triml("ba") == aaa___bbb.last(6)); // ___bbb
        CHECK(aaa___bbb.triml("cd") == aaa___bbb);
        CHECK(aaa___bbb.trimr("ab") == aaa___bbb.first(6)); // aaa___
        CHECK(aaa___bbb.trimr("ba") == aaa___bbb.first(6)); // aaa___
        CHECK(aaa___bbb.trimr("cd") == aaa___bbb);
        CHECK(aaa___bbb.trim ("ab") == aaa___bbb.range(3, 6)); // ___
        CHECK(aaa___bbb.trim ("ba") == aaa___bbb.range(3, 6)); // ___
        CHECK(aaa___bbb.trim ("cd") == aaa___bbb);
    }
 
    // unquoted():
    {
        CHECK(ryml::csubstr(R"('this is is single quoted')").unquoted() == "this is is single quoted");
        CHECK(ryml::csubstr(R"("this is is double quoted")").unquoted() == "this is is double quoted");
    }
 
    // stripl(): remove pattern from the left
    // stripr(): remove pattern from the right
    {
        ryml::csubstr abc___cba = "abc___cba";
        ryml::csubstr abc___abc = "abc___abc";
        CHECK(abc___cba.stripl("abc") == abc___cba.last(6)); // ___cba
        CHECK(abc___cba.stripr("abc") == abc___cba);
        CHECK(abc___cba.stripl("ab") == abc___cba.last(7)); // c___cba
        CHECK(abc___cba.stripr("ab") == abc___cba);
        CHECK(abc___cba.stripl("a") == abc___cba.last(8)); // bc___cba, same as triml('a')
        CHECK(abc___cba.stripr("a") == abc___cba.first(8));
        CHECK(abc___abc.stripl("abc") == abc___abc.last(6)); // ___abc
        CHECK(abc___abc.stripr("abc") == abc___abc.first(6)); // abc___
        CHECK(abc___abc.stripl("ab") == abc___abc.last(7)); // c___cba
        CHECK(abc___abc.stripr("ab") == abc___abc);
        CHECK(abc___abc.stripl("a") == abc___abc.last(8)); // bc___cba, same as triml('a')
        CHECK(abc___abc.stripr("a") == abc___abc);
    }
 
    // begins_with()/ends_with()
    // begins_with_any()/ends_with_any()
    {
        ryml::csubstr s = "foobar123";
        // char overloads
        CHECK(s.begins_with('f'));
        CHECK(s.ends_with('3'));
        CHECK(!s.ends_with('2'));
        CHECK(!s.ends_with('o'));
        // char[] overloads
        CHECK(s.begins_with("foobar"));
        CHECK(s.begins_with("foo"));
        CHECK(s.begins_with_any("foo"));
        CHECK(!s.begins_with("oof"));
        CHECK(s.begins_with_any("oof"));
        CHECK(s.ends_with("23"));
        CHECK(s.ends_with("123"));
        CHECK(s.ends_with_any("123"));
        CHECK(!s.ends_with("321"));
        CHECK(s.ends_with_any("231"));
    }
 
    // select()
    {
        ryml::csubstr s = "0123456789";
        CHECK(s.select('0') == s.sub(0, 1));
        CHECK(s.select('1') == s.sub(1, 1));
        CHECK(s.select('2') == s.sub(2, 1));
        CHECK(s.select('8') == s.sub(8, 1));
        CHECK(s.select('9') == s.sub(9, 1));
        CHECK(s.select("0123") == s.range(0, 4));
        CHECK(s.select("012" ) == s.range(0, 3));
        CHECK(s.select("01"  ) == s.range(0, 2));
        CHECK(s.select("0"   ) == s.range(0, 1));
        CHECK(s.select( "123") == s.range(1, 4));
        CHECK(s.select(  "23") == s.range(2, 4));
        CHECK(s.select(   "3") == s.range(3, 4));
    }
 
    // find()
    {
        ryml::csubstr s012345 = "012345";
        // find single characters:
        CHECK(s012345.find('a') == ryml::npos);
        CHECK(s012345.find('0'    ) == 0u);
        CHECK(s012345.find('0', 1u) == ryml::npos);
        CHECK(s012345.find('1'    ) == 1u);
        CHECK(s012345.find('1', 2u) == ryml::npos);
        CHECK(s012345.find('2'    ) == 2u);
        CHECK(s012345.find('2', 3u) == ryml::npos);
        CHECK(s012345.find('3'    ) == 3u);
        CHECK(s012345.find('3', 4u) == ryml::npos);
        // find patterns
        CHECK(s012345.find("ab"    ) == ryml::npos);
        CHECK(s012345.find("01"    ) == 0u);
        CHECK(s012345.find("01", 1u) == ryml::npos);
        CHECK(s012345.find("12"    ) == 1u);
        CHECK(s012345.find("12", 2u) == ryml::npos);
        CHECK(s012345.find("23"    ) == 2u);
        CHECK(s012345.find("23", 3u) == ryml::npos);
    }
 
    // count(): count the number of occurrences of a character
    {
        ryml::csubstr buf = "00110022003300440055";
        CHECK(buf.count('1'     ) ==  2u);
        CHECK(buf.count('1',  0u) ==  2u);
        CHECK(buf.count('1',  1u) ==  2u);
        CHECK(buf.count('1',  2u) ==  2u);
        CHECK(buf.count('1',  3u) ==  1u);
        CHECK(buf.count('1',  4u) ==  0u);
        CHECK(buf.count('1',  5u) ==  0u);
        CHECK(buf.count('0'     ) == 10u);
        CHECK(buf.count('0',  0u) == 10u);
        CHECK(buf.count('0',  1u) ==  9u);
        CHECK(buf.count('0',  2u) ==  8u);
        CHECK(buf.count('0',  3u) ==  8u);
        CHECK(buf.count('0',  4u) ==  8u);
        CHECK(buf.count('0',  5u) ==  7u);
        CHECK(buf.count('0',  6u) ==  6u);
        CHECK(buf.count('0',  7u) ==  6u);
        CHECK(buf.count('0',  8u) ==  6u);
        CHECK(buf.count('0',  9u) ==  5u);
        CHECK(buf.count('0', 10u) ==  4u);
        CHECK(buf.count('0', 11u) ==  4u);
        CHECK(buf.count('0', 12u) ==  4u);
        CHECK(buf.count('0', 13u) ==  3u);
        CHECK(buf.count('0', 14u) ==  2u);
        CHECK(buf.count('0', 15u) ==  2u);
        CHECK(buf.count('0', 16u) ==  2u);
        CHECK(buf.count('0', 17u) ==  1u);
        CHECK(buf.count('0', 18u) ==  0u);
        CHECK(buf.count('0', 19u) ==  0u);
        CHECK(buf.count('0', 20u) ==  0u);
    }
 
    // first_of(),last_of()
    {
        ryml::csubstr s012345 = "012345";
        CHECK(s012345.first_of('a') == ryml::npos);
        CHECK(s012345.first_of("ab") == ryml::npos);
        CHECK(s012345.first_of('0') == 0u);
        CHECK(s012345.first_of("0") == 0u);
        CHECK(s012345.first_of("01") == 0u);
        CHECK(s012345.first_of("10") == 0u);
        CHECK(s012345.first_of("012") == 0u);
        CHECK(s012345.first_of("210") == 0u);
        CHECK(s012345.first_of("0123") == 0u);
        CHECK(s012345.first_of("3210") == 0u);
        CHECK(s012345.first_of("01234") == 0u);
        CHECK(s012345.first_of("43210") == 0u);
        CHECK(s012345.first_of("012345") == 0u);
        CHECK(s012345.first_of("543210") == 0u);
        CHECK(s012345.first_of('5') == 5u);
        CHECK(s012345.first_of("5") == 5u);
        CHECK(s012345.first_of("45") == 4u);
        CHECK(s012345.first_of("54") == 4u);
        CHECK(s012345.first_of("345") == 3u);
        CHECK(s012345.first_of("543") == 3u);
        CHECK(s012345.first_of("2345") == 2u);
        CHECK(s012345.first_of("5432") == 2u);
        CHECK(s012345.first_of("12345") == 1u);
        CHECK(s012345.first_of("54321") == 1u);
        CHECK(s012345.first_of("012345") == 0u);
        CHECK(s012345.first_of("543210") == 0u);
        CHECK(s012345.first_of('0', 6u) == ryml::npos);
        CHECK(s012345.first_of('5', 6u) == ryml::npos);
        CHECK(s012345.first_of("012345", 6u) == ryml::npos);
        //
        CHECK(s012345.last_of('a') == ryml::npos);
        CHECK(s012345.last_of("ab") == ryml::npos);
        CHECK(s012345.last_of('0') == 0u);
        CHECK(s012345.last_of("0") == 0u);
        CHECK(s012345.last_of("01") == 1u);
        CHECK(s012345.last_of("10") == 1u);
        CHECK(s012345.last_of("012") == 2u);
        CHECK(s012345.last_of("210") == 2u);
        CHECK(s012345.last_of("0123") == 3u);
        CHECK(s012345.last_of("3210") == 3u);
        CHECK(s012345.last_of("01234") == 4u);
        CHECK(s012345.last_of("43210") == 4u);
        CHECK(s012345.last_of("012345") == 5u);
        CHECK(s012345.last_of("543210") == 5u);
        CHECK(s012345.last_of('5') == 5u);
        CHECK(s012345.last_of("5") == 5u);
        CHECK(s012345.last_of("45") == 5u);
        CHECK(s012345.last_of("54") == 5u);
        CHECK(s012345.last_of("345") == 5u);
        CHECK(s012345.last_of("543") == 5u);
        CHECK(s012345.last_of("2345") == 5u);
        CHECK(s012345.last_of("5432") == 5u);
        CHECK(s012345.last_of("12345") == 5u);
        CHECK(s012345.last_of("54321") == 5u);
        CHECK(s012345.last_of("012345") == 5u);
        CHECK(s012345.last_of("543210") == 5u);
        CHECK(s012345.last_of('0', 6u) == 0u);
        CHECK(s012345.last_of('5', 6u) == 5u);
        CHECK(s012345.last_of("012345", 6u) == 5u);
    }
 
    // first_not_of(), last_not_of()
    {
        ryml::csubstr s012345 = "012345";
        CHECK(s012345.first_not_of('a') == 0u);
        CHECK(s012345.first_not_of("ab") == 0u);
        CHECK(s012345.first_not_of('0') == 1u);
        CHECK(s012345.first_not_of("0") == 1u);
        CHECK(s012345.first_not_of("01") == 2u);
        CHECK(s012345.first_not_of("10") == 2u);
        CHECK(s012345.first_not_of("012") == 3u);
        CHECK(s012345.first_not_of("210") == 3u);
        CHECK(s012345.first_not_of("0123") == 4u);
        CHECK(s012345.first_not_of("3210") == 4u);
        CHECK(s012345.first_not_of("01234") == 5u);
        CHECK(s012345.first_not_of("43210") == 5u);
        CHECK(s012345.first_not_of("012345") == ryml::npos);
        CHECK(s012345.first_not_of("543210") == ryml::npos);
        CHECK(s012345.first_not_of('5') == 0u);
        CHECK(s012345.first_not_of("5") == 0u);
        CHECK(s012345.first_not_of("45") == 0u);
        CHECK(s012345.first_not_of("54") == 0u);
        CHECK(s012345.first_not_of("345") == 0u);
        CHECK(s012345.first_not_of("543") == 0u);
        CHECK(s012345.first_not_of("2345") == 0u);
        CHECK(s012345.first_not_of("5432") == 0u);
        CHECK(s012345.first_not_of("12345") == 0u);
        CHECK(s012345.first_not_of("54321") == 0u);
        CHECK(s012345.first_not_of("012345") == ryml::npos);
        CHECK(s012345.first_not_of("543210") == ryml::npos);
        CHECK(s012345.last_not_of('a') == 5u);
        CHECK(s012345.last_not_of("ab") == 5u);
        CHECK(s012345.last_not_of('5') == 4u);
        CHECK(s012345.last_not_of("5") == 4u);
        CHECK(s012345.last_not_of("45") == 3u);
        CHECK(s012345.last_not_of("54") == 3u);
        CHECK(s012345.last_not_of("345") == 2u);
        CHECK(s012345.last_not_of("543") == 2u);
        CHECK(s012345.last_not_of("2345") == 1u);
        CHECK(s012345.last_not_of("5432") == 1u);
        CHECK(s012345.last_not_of("12345") == 0u);
        CHECK(s012345.last_not_of("54321") == 0u);
        CHECK(s012345.last_not_of("012345") == ryml::npos);
        CHECK(s012345.last_not_of("543210") == ryml::npos);
        CHECK(s012345.last_not_of('0') == 5u);
        CHECK(s012345.last_not_of("0") == 5u);
        CHECK(s012345.last_not_of("01") == 5u);
        CHECK(s012345.last_not_of("10") == 5u);
        CHECK(s012345.last_not_of("012") == 5u);
        CHECK(s012345.last_not_of("210") == 5u);
        CHECK(s012345.last_not_of("0123") == 5u);
        CHECK(s012345.last_not_of("3210") == 5u);
        CHECK(s012345.last_not_of("01234") == 5u);
        CHECK(s012345.last_not_of("43210") == 5u);
        CHECK(s012345.last_not_of("012345") == ryml::npos);
        CHECK(s012345.last_not_of("543210") == ryml::npos);
    }
 
    // first_non_empty_span()
    {
        CHECK(ryml::csubstr("foo bar").first_non_empty_span() == "foo");
        CHECK(ryml::csubstr("       foo bar").first_non_empty_span() == "foo");
        CHECK(ryml::csubstr("\n   \r  \t  foo bar").first_non_empty_span() == "foo");
        CHECK(ryml::csubstr("\n   \r  \t  foo\n\r\t bar").first_non_empty_span() == "foo");
        CHECK(ryml::csubstr("\n   \r  \t  foo\n\r\t bar").first_non_empty_span() == "foo");
        CHECK(ryml::csubstr(",\n   \r  \t  foo\n\r\t bar").first_non_empty_span() == ",");
    }
    // first_uint_span()
    {
        CHECK(ryml::csubstr("1234 asdkjh").first_uint_span() == "1234");
        CHECK(ryml::csubstr("1234\rasdkjh").first_uint_span() == "1234");
        CHECK(ryml::csubstr("1234\tasdkjh").first_uint_span() == "1234");
        CHECK(ryml::csubstr("1234\nasdkjh").first_uint_span() == "1234");
        CHECK(ryml::csubstr("1234]asdkjh").first_uint_span() == "1234");
        CHECK(ryml::csubstr("1234)asdkjh").first_uint_span() == "1234");
        CHECK(ryml::csubstr("1234gasdkjh").first_uint_span() == "");
    }
    // first_int_span()
    {
        CHECK(ryml::csubstr("-1234 asdkjh").first_int_span() == "-1234");
        CHECK(ryml::csubstr("-1234\rasdkjh").first_int_span() == "-1234");
        CHECK(ryml::csubstr("-1234\tasdkjh").first_int_span() == "-1234");
        CHECK(ryml::csubstr("-1234\nasdkjh").first_int_span() == "-1234");
        CHECK(ryml::csubstr("-1234]asdkjh").first_int_span() == "-1234");
        CHECK(ryml::csubstr("-1234)asdkjh").first_int_span() == "-1234");
        CHECK(ryml::csubstr("-1234gasdkjh").first_int_span() == "");
    }
    // first_real_span()
    {
        CHECK(ryml::csubstr("-1234 asdkjh").first_real_span() == "-1234");
        CHECK(ryml::csubstr("-1234\rasdkjh").first_real_span() == "-1234");
        CHECK(ryml::csubstr("-1234\tasdkjh").first_real_span() == "-1234");
        CHECK(ryml::csubstr("-1234\nasdkjh").first_real_span() == "-1234");
        CHECK(ryml::csubstr("-1234]asdkjh").first_real_span() == "-1234");
        CHECK(ryml::csubstr("-1234)asdkjh").first_real_span() == "-1234");
        CHECK(ryml::csubstr("-1234gasdkjh").first_real_span() == "");
        CHECK(ryml::csubstr("1.234 asdkjh").first_real_span() == "1.234");
        CHECK(ryml::csubstr("1.234e+5 asdkjh").first_real_span() == "1.234e+5");
        CHECK(ryml::csubstr("1.234e-5 asdkjh").first_real_span() == "1.234e-5");
        CHECK(ryml::csubstr("1.234 asdkjh").first_real_span() == "1.234");
        CHECK(ryml::csubstr("1.234e+5 asdkjh").first_real_span() == "1.234e+5");
        CHECK(ryml::csubstr("1.234e-5 asdkjh").first_real_span() == "1.234e-5");
        CHECK(ryml::csubstr("-1.234 asdkjh").first_real_span() == "-1.234");
        CHECK(ryml::csubstr("-1.234e+5 asdkjh").first_real_span() == "-1.234e+5");
        CHECK(ryml::csubstr("-1.234e-5 asdkjh").first_real_span() == "-1.234e-5");
        // hexadecimal real numbers
        CHECK(ryml::csubstr("0x1.e8480p+19 asdkjh").first_real_span() == "0x1.e8480p+19");
        CHECK(ryml::csubstr("0x1.e8480p-19 asdkjh").first_real_span() == "0x1.e8480p-19");
        CHECK(ryml::csubstr("-0x1.e8480p+19 asdkjh").first_real_span() == "-0x1.e8480p+19");
        CHECK(ryml::csubstr("-0x1.e8480p-19 asdkjh").first_real_span() == "-0x1.e8480p-19");
        CHECK(ryml::csubstr("+0x1.e8480p+19 asdkjh").first_real_span() == "+0x1.e8480p+19");
        CHECK(ryml::csubstr("+0x1.e8480p-19 asdkjh").first_real_span() == "+0x1.e8480p-19");
        // binary real numbers
        CHECK(ryml::csubstr("0b101.011p+19 asdkjh").first_real_span() == "0b101.011p+19");
        CHECK(ryml::csubstr("0b101.011p-19 asdkjh").first_real_span() == "0b101.011p-19");
        CHECK(ryml::csubstr("-0b101.011p+19 asdkjh").first_real_span() == "-0b101.011p+19");
        CHECK(ryml::csubstr("-0b101.011p-19 asdkjh").first_real_span() == "-0b101.011p-19");
        CHECK(ryml::csubstr("+0b101.011p+19 asdkjh").first_real_span() == "+0b101.011p+19");
        CHECK(ryml::csubstr("+0b101.011p-19 asdkjh").first_real_span() == "+0b101.011p-19");
        // octal real numbers
        CHECK(ryml::csubstr("0o173.045p+19 asdkjh").first_real_span() == "0o173.045p+19");
        CHECK(ryml::csubstr("0o173.045p-19 asdkjh").first_real_span() == "0o173.045p-19");
        CHECK(ryml::csubstr("-0o173.045p+19 asdkjh").first_real_span() == "-0o173.045p+19");
        CHECK(ryml::csubstr("-0o173.045p-19 asdkjh").first_real_span() == "-0o173.045p-19");
        CHECK(ryml::csubstr("+0o173.045p+19 asdkjh").first_real_span() == "+0o173.045p+19");
        CHECK(ryml::csubstr("+0o173.045p-19 asdkjh").first_real_span() == "+0o173.045p-19");
    }
    // see also is_number()
 
    // basename(), dirname(), extshort(), extlong()
    {
        CHECK(ryml::csubstr("/path/to/file.tar.gz").basename() == "file.tar.gz");
        CHECK(ryml::csubstr("/path/to/file.tar.gz").dirname() == "/path/to/");
        CHECK(ryml::csubstr("C:\\path\\to\\file.tar.gz").basename('\\') == "file.tar.gz");
        CHECK(ryml::csubstr("C:\\path\\to\\file.tar.gz").dirname('\\') == "C:\\path\\to\\");
        CHECK(ryml::csubstr("/path/to/file.tar.gz").extshort() == "gz");
        CHECK(ryml::csubstr("/path/to/file.tar.gz").extlong() == "tar.gz");
        CHECK(ryml::csubstr("/path/to/file.tar.gz").name_wo_extshort() == "/path/to/file.tar");
        CHECK(ryml::csubstr("/path/to/file.tar.gz").name_wo_extlong() == "/path/to/file");
    }
 
    // split()
    {
        using namespace ryml;
        csubstr parts[] = {"aa", "bb", "cc", "dd", "ee", "ff"};
        {
            size_t count = 0;
            for(csubstr part : csubstr("aa/bb/cc/dd/ee/ff").split('/'))
                CHECK(part == parts[count++]);
            CHECK(count == 6u);
        }
        {
            size_t count = 0;
            for(csubstr part : csubstr("aa.bb.cc.dd.ee.ff").split('.'))
                CHECK(part == parts[count++]);
            CHECK(count == 6u);
        }
        {
            size_t count = 0;
            for(csubstr part : csubstr("aa-bb-cc-dd-ee-ff").split('-'))
                CHECK(part == parts[count++]);
            CHECK(count == 6u);
        }
        // see also next_split()
    }
 
    //  pop_left(),  pop_right() --- non-greedy version
    // gpop_left(), gpop_right() --- greedy version
    {
        const bool skip_empty = true;
        // pop_left(): pop the last element from the left
        CHECK(ryml::csubstr(  "0/1/2"   ). pop_left('/'            ) ==   "0"    );
        CHECK(ryml::csubstr( "/0/1/2"   ). pop_left('/'            ) == ""       );
        CHECK(ryml::csubstr("//0/1/2"   ). pop_left('/'            ) == ""       );
        CHECK(ryml::csubstr(  "0/1/2"   ). pop_left('/', skip_empty) ==   "0"    );
        CHECK(ryml::csubstr( "/0/1/2"   ). pop_left('/', skip_empty) ==  "/0"    );
        CHECK(ryml::csubstr("//0/1/2"   ). pop_left('/', skip_empty) == "//0"    );
        // gpop_left(): pop all but the first element (greedy pop)
        CHECK(ryml::csubstr(  "0/1/2"   ).gpop_left('/'            ) ==   "0/1"  );
        CHECK(ryml::csubstr( "/0/1/2"   ).gpop_left('/'            ) ==  "/0/1"  );
        CHECK(ryml::csubstr("//0/1/2"   ).gpop_left('/'            ) == "//0/1"  );
        CHECK(ryml::csubstr(  "0/1/2/"  ).gpop_left('/'            ) ==   "0/1/2");
        CHECK(ryml::csubstr( "/0/1/2/"  ).gpop_left('/'            ) ==  "/0/1/2");
        CHECK(ryml::csubstr("//0/1/2/"  ).gpop_left('/'            ) == "//0/1/2");
        CHECK(ryml::csubstr(  "0/1/2//" ).gpop_left('/'            ) ==   "0/1/2/");
        CHECK(ryml::csubstr( "/0/1/2//" ).gpop_left('/'            ) ==  "/0/1/2/");
        CHECK(ryml::csubstr("//0/1/2//" ).gpop_left('/'            ) == "//0/1/2/");
        CHECK(ryml::csubstr(  "0/1/2"   ).gpop_left('/', skip_empty) ==   "0/1"  );
        CHECK(ryml::csubstr( "/0/1/2"   ).gpop_left('/', skip_empty) ==  "/0/1"  );
        CHECK(ryml::csubstr("//0/1/2"   ).gpop_left('/', skip_empty) == "//0/1"  );
        CHECK(ryml::csubstr(  "0/1/2/"  ).gpop_left('/', skip_empty) ==   "0/1"  );
        CHECK(ryml::csubstr( "/0/1/2/"  ).gpop_left('/', skip_empty) ==  "/0/1"  );
        CHECK(ryml::csubstr("//0/1/2/"  ).gpop_left('/', skip_empty) == "//0/1"  );
        CHECK(ryml::csubstr(  "0/1/2//" ).gpop_left('/', skip_empty) ==   "0/1"  );
        CHECK(ryml::csubstr( "/0/1/2//" ).gpop_left('/', skip_empty) ==  "/0/1"  );
        CHECK(ryml::csubstr("//0/1/2//" ).gpop_left('/', skip_empty) == "//0/1"  );
        // pop_right(): pop the last element from the right
        CHECK(ryml::csubstr(  "0/1/2"   ). pop_right('/'            ) ==   "2"    );
        CHECK(ryml::csubstr(  "0/1/2/"  ). pop_right('/'            ) == ""       );
        CHECK(ryml::csubstr(  "0/1/2//" ). pop_right('/'            ) == ""       );
        CHECK(ryml::csubstr(  "0/1/2"   ). pop_right('/', skip_empty) ==   "2"    );
        CHECK(ryml::csubstr(  "0/1/2/"  ). pop_right('/', skip_empty) ==   "2/"   );
        CHECK(ryml::csubstr(  "0/1/2//" ). pop_right('/', skip_empty) ==   "2//"  );
        // gpop_right(): pop all but the first element (greedy pop)
        CHECK(ryml::csubstr(  "0/1/2"   ).gpop_right('/'            ) ==     "1/2");
        CHECK(ryml::csubstr(  "0/1/2/"  ).gpop_right('/'            ) ==     "1/2/"  );
        CHECK(ryml::csubstr(  "0/1/2//" ).gpop_right('/'            ) ==     "1/2//"  );
        CHECK(ryml::csubstr( "/0/1/2"   ).gpop_right('/'            ) ==   "0/1/2");
        CHECK(ryml::csubstr( "/0/1/2/"  ).gpop_right('/'            ) ==   "0/1/2/"  );
        CHECK(ryml::csubstr( "/0/1/2//" ).gpop_right('/'            ) ==   "0/1/2//"  );
        CHECK(ryml::csubstr("//0/1/2"   ).gpop_right('/'            ) ==  "/0/1/2");
        CHECK(ryml::csubstr("//0/1/2/"  ).gpop_right('/'            ) ==  "/0/1/2/"  );
        CHECK(ryml::csubstr("//0/1/2//" ).gpop_right('/'            ) ==  "/0/1/2//"  );
        CHECK(ryml::csubstr(  "0/1/2"   ).gpop_right('/', skip_empty) ==     "1/2");
        CHECK(ryml::csubstr(  "0/1/2/"  ).gpop_right('/', skip_empty) ==     "1/2/"  );
        CHECK(ryml::csubstr(  "0/1/2//" ).gpop_right('/', skip_empty) ==     "1/2//"  );
        CHECK(ryml::csubstr( "/0/1/2"   ).gpop_right('/', skip_empty) ==     "1/2");
        CHECK(ryml::csubstr( "/0/1/2/"  ).gpop_right('/', skip_empty) ==     "1/2/"  );
        CHECK(ryml::csubstr( "/0/1/2//" ).gpop_right('/', skip_empty) ==     "1/2//"  );
        CHECK(ryml::csubstr("//0/1/2"   ).gpop_right('/', skip_empty) ==     "1/2");
        CHECK(ryml::csubstr("//0/1/2/"  ).gpop_right('/', skip_empty) ==     "1/2/"  );
        CHECK(ryml::csubstr("//0/1/2//" ).gpop_right('/', skip_empty) ==     "1/2//"  );
    }
}

References CHECK, c4::yml::npos, c4::to_csubstr(), and c4::to_substr().

sample_parse_file()

void sample::sample_parse_file

(

)

demonstrate how to load a YAML file from disk to parse with ryml.

ryml offers no overload to directly parse files from disk; it only parses source buffers (which may be mutable or immutable). It is up to the caller to load the file contents into a buffer before parsing with ryml.

But that does not mean that loading a file is unimportant. There are many ways to achieve this in C++, but for convenience and to enable you to quickly get up to speed, here is an example implementation loading a file from disk and then parsing the resulting buffer with ryml.

See also

Parse utilities

Definition at line 1743 of file quickstart.cpp.

{
    const char filename[] = "ryml_example.yml";
 
    // because this is a minimal sample, it assumes nothing on the
    // environment/OS (other than that it can read/write files). So we
    // create the file on the fly:
    file_put_contents(filename, ryml::csubstr("foo: 1\nbar:\n  - 2\n  - 3\n"));
 
    // now we can load it into a std::string (for example):
    {
        std::string contents = file_get_contents<std::string>(filename);
        ryml::Tree tree = ryml::parse_in_arena(ryml::to_csubstr(contents)); // immutable (csubstr) overload
        CHECK(tree["foo"].val() == "1");
        CHECK(tree["bar"][0].val() == "2");
        CHECK(tree["bar"][1].val() == "3");
    }
 
    // or we can use a vector<char> instead:
    {
        std::vector<char> contents = file_get_contents<std::vector<char>>(filename);
        ryml::Tree tree = ryml::parse_in_place(ryml::to_substr(contents)); // mutable (csubstr) overload
        CHECK(tree["foo"].val() == "1");
        CHECK(tree["bar"][0].val() == "2");
        CHECK(tree["bar"][1].val() == "3");
    }
 
    // generally, any contiguous char container can be used with ryml,
    // provided that the ryml::substr/ryml::csubstr view can be
    // created out of it.
    //
    // ryml provides the overloads above for these two containers, but
    // if you are using another container it should be very easy (only
    // requires pointer and length).
}

References CHECK, sample::file_put_contents(), c4::yml::parse_in_arena(), c4::yml::parse_in_place(), c4::to_csubstr(), and c4::to_substr().

sample_parse_in_place()

void sample::sample_parse_in_place

(

)

demonstrate in-place parsing of a mutable YAML source buffer.

See also

Parse utilities

Definition at line 1784 of file quickstart.cpp.

{
    // Like the name suggests, parse_in_place() directly mutates the
    // source buffer in place
    char src[] = "{foo: 1, bar: [2, 3]}"; // ryml can parse in situ
    ryml::substr srcview = src; // a mutable view to the source buffer
    ryml::Tree tree = ryml::parse_in_place(srcview); // you can also reuse the tree and/or parser
    ryml::ConstNodeRef root = tree.crootref(); // get a constant reference to the root
 
    CHECK(root.is_map());
    CHECK(root["foo"].is_keyval());
    CHECK(root["foo"].key() == "foo");
    CHECK(root["foo"].val() == "1");
    CHECK(root["bar"].is_seq());
    CHECK(root["bar"].has_key());
    CHECK(root["bar"].key() == "bar");
    CHECK(root["bar"][0].val() == "2");
    CHECK(root["bar"][1].val() == "3");
 
    // deserializing:
    int foo = 0, bar0 = 0, bar1 = 0;
    root["foo"] >> foo;
    root["bar"][0] >> bar0;
    root["bar"][1] >> bar1;
    CHECK(foo == 1);
    CHECK(bar0 == 2);
    CHECK(bar1 == 3);
 
    // after parsing, the tree holds views to the source buffer:
    CHECK(root["foo"].val().data()     == src + strlen("{foo: "));
    CHECK(root["foo"].val().begin()    == src + strlen("{foo: "));
    CHECK(root["foo"].val().end()      == src + strlen("{foo: 1"));
    CHECK(root["foo"].val().is_sub(srcview)); // equivalent to the previous three assertions
    CHECK(root["bar"][0].val().data()  == src + strlen("{foo: 1, bar: ["));
    CHECK(root["bar"][0].val().begin() == src + strlen("{foo: 1, bar: ["));
    CHECK(root["bar"][0].val().end()   == src + strlen("{foo: 1, bar: [2"));
    CHECK(root["bar"][0].val().is_sub(srcview)); // equivalent to the previous three assertions
    CHECK(root["bar"][1].val().data()  == src + strlen("{foo: 1, bar: [2, "));
    CHECK(root["bar"][1].val().begin() == src + strlen("{foo: 1, bar: [2, "));
    CHECK(root["bar"][1].val().end()   == src + strlen("{foo: 1, bar: [2, 3"));
    CHECK(root["bar"][1].val().is_sub(srcview)); // equivalent to the previous three assertions
 
    // NOTE. parse_in_place() cannot accept ryml::csubstr
    // so this will cause a /compile/ error:
    ryml::csubstr csrcview = srcview; // ok, can assign from mutable to immutable
    //tree = ryml::parse_in_place(csrcview); // compile error, cannot mutate an immutable view
    (void)csrcview;
}

References CHECK, c4::yml::Tree::crootref(), c4::yml::detail::RoNodeMethods< Impl, ConstImpl >::is_map(), c4::yml::key(), and c4::yml::parse_in_place().

sample_parse_in_arena()

void sample::sample_parse_in_arena

(

)

demonstrate parsing of a read-only YAML source buffer

See also

Parse utilities

Definition at line 1838 of file quickstart.cpp.

{
    // to parse read-only memory, ryml will copy first to the tree's
    // arena, and then parse the copied buffer:
    ryml::Tree tree = ryml::parse_in_arena("{foo: 1, bar: [2, 3]}");
    ryml::ConstNodeRef root = tree.crootref(); // get a const reference to the root
 
    CHECK(root.is_map());
    CHECK(root["foo"].is_keyval());
    CHECK(root["foo"].key() == "foo");
    CHECK(root["foo"].val() == "1");
    CHECK(root["bar"].is_seq());
    CHECK(root["bar"].has_key());
    CHECK(root["bar"].key() == "bar");
    CHECK(root["bar"][0].val() == "2");
    CHECK(root["bar"][1].val() == "3");
 
    // deserializing:
    int foo = 0, bar0 = 0, bar1 = 0;
    root["foo"] >> foo;
    root["bar"][0] >> bar0;
    root["bar"][1] >> bar1;
    CHECK(foo == 1);
    CHECK(bar0 == 2);
    CHECK(bar1 == 3);
 
    // NOTE. parse_in_arena() cannot accept ryml::substr. Overloads
    // receiving substr buffers are declared, but intentionally left
    // undefined, so this will cause a /linker/ error
    char src[] = "{foo: is it really true}";
    ryml::substr srcview = src;
    //tree = ryml::parse_in_place(srcview); // linker error, overload intentionally undefined
 
    // If you really intend to parse a mutable buffer in the arena,
    // then simply convert it to immutable prior to calling
    // parse_in_arena():
    ryml::csubstr csrcview = srcview; // assigning from src also works
    tree = ryml::parse_in_arena(csrcview); // OK! csrcview is immutable
    CHECK(tree["foo"].val() == "is it really true");
}

References CHECK, c4::yml::Tree::crootref(), c4::yml::detail::RoNodeMethods< Impl, ConstImpl >::is_map(), c4::yml::key(), and c4::yml::parse_in_arena().

sample_parse_reuse_tree()

void sample::sample_parse_reuse_tree

(

)

demonstrate reuse/modification of tree when parsing

See also

Parse utilities

Definition at line 1884 of file quickstart.cpp.

{
    ryml::Tree tree;
 
    // it will always be faster if the tree's size is conveniently reserved:
    tree.reserve(30); // reserve 30 nodes (good enough for this sample)
    // if you are using the tree's arena to serialize data,
    // then reserve also the arena's size:
    tree.reserve_arena(256); // reserve 256 characters (good enough for this sample)
 
    // now parse into the tree:
    ryml::csubstr yaml = R"(foo: 1
bar: [2, 3]
)";
    ryml::parse_in_arena(yaml, &tree);
 
    ryml::ConstNodeRef root = tree.crootref();
    CHECK(root.num_children() == 2);
    CHECK(root.is_map());
    CHECK(root["foo"].is_keyval());
    CHECK(root["foo"].key() == "foo");
    CHECK(root["foo"].val() == "1");
    CHECK(root["bar"].is_seq());
    CHECK(root["bar"].has_key());
    CHECK(root["bar"].key() == "bar");
    CHECK(root["bar"][0].val() == "2");
    CHECK(root["bar"][1].val() == "3");
    CHECK(ryml::emitrs_yaml<std::string>(tree) == R"(foo: 1
bar: [2,3]
)");
 
    // WATCHOUT: parsing into an existing tree will APPEND to it:
    ryml::parse_in_arena("{foo2: 12, bar2: [22, 32]}", &tree);
    CHECK(ryml::emitrs_yaml<std::string>(tree) == R"(foo: 1
bar: [2,3]
foo2: 12
bar2: [22,32]
)");
    CHECK(root.num_children() == 4);
    CHECK(root["foo2"].is_keyval());
    CHECK(root["foo2"].key() == "foo2");
    CHECK(root["foo2"].val() == "12");
    CHECK(root["bar2"].is_seq());
    CHECK(root["bar2"].has_key());
    CHECK(root["bar2"].key() == "bar2");
    CHECK(root["bar2"][0].val() == "22");
    CHECK(root["bar2"][1].val() == "32");
 
    // clear first before parsing into an existing tree.
    tree.clear();
    tree.clear_arena();  // you may or may not want to clear the arena
    ryml::parse_in_arena("- a\n- b\n- {x0: 1, x1: 2}", &tree);
    CHECK(ryml::emitrs_yaml<std::string>(tree) == "- a\n- b\n- {x0: 1,x1: 2}\n");
    CHECK(root.is_seq());
    CHECK(root[0].val() == "a");
    CHECK(root[1].val() == "b");
    CHECK(root[2].is_map());
    CHECK(root[2]["x0"].val() == "1");
    CHECK(root[2]["x1"].val() == "2");
 
    // we can parse directly into a node nested deep in an existing tree:
    ryml::NodeRef mroot = tree.rootref(); // modifiable root
    ryml::parse_in_arena("champagne: Dom Perignon\ncoffee: Arabica", mroot.append_child());
    CHECK(ryml::emitrs_yaml<std::string>(tree) == R"(- a
- b
- {x0: 1,x1: 2}
- champagne: Dom Perignon
  coffee: Arabica
)");
    CHECK(root.is_seq());
    CHECK(root[0].val() == "a");
    CHECK(root[1].val() == "b");
    CHECK(root[2].is_map());
    CHECK(root[2]["x0"].val() == "1");
    CHECK(root[2]["x1"].val() == "2");
    CHECK(root[3].is_map());
    CHECK(root[3]["champagne"].val() == "Dom Perignon");
    CHECK(root[3]["coffee"].val() == "Arabica");
 
    // watchout: to add to an existing node within a map, the node's
    // key must be separately set first:
    ryml::NodeRef more = mroot[3].append_child({ryml::KEYMAP, "more"});
    ryml::NodeRef beer = mroot[3].append_child({ryml::KEYSEQ, "beer"});
    ryml::NodeRef always = mroot[3].append_child({ryml::KEY, "always"});
    ryml::parse_in_arena("{vinho verde: Soalheiro, vinho tinto: Redoma 2017}", more);
    ryml::parse_in_arena("- Rochefort 10\n- Busch\n- Leffe Rituel", beer);
    ryml::parse_in_arena("lots\nof\nwater", always);
    CHECK(ryml::emitrs_yaml<std::string>(tree) == R"(- a
- b
- {x0: 1,x1: 2}
- champagne: Dom Perignon
  coffee: Arabica
  more:
    vinho verde: Soalheiro
    vinho tinto: Redoma 2017
  beer:
    - Rochefort 10
    - Busch
    - Leffe Rituel
  always: lots of water
)");
 
    // can append at the top:
    ryml::parse_in_arena("- foo\n- bar\n- baz\n- bat", mroot);
    CHECK(ryml::emitrs_yaml<std::string>(tree) == R"(- a
- b
- {x0: 1,x1: 2}
- champagne: Dom Perignon
  coffee: Arabica
  more:
    vinho verde: Soalheiro
    vinho tinto: Redoma 2017
  beer:
    - Rochefort 10
    - Busch
    - Leffe Rituel
  always: lots of water
- foo
- bar
- baz
- bat
)");
 
    // or nested:
    ryml::parse_in_arena("[Kasteel Donker]", beer);
    CHECK(ryml::emitrs_yaml<std::string>(tree) == R"(- a
- b
- {x0: 1,x1: 2}
- champagne: Dom Perignon
  coffee: Arabica
  more:
    vinho verde: Soalheiro
    vinho tinto: Redoma 2017
  beer:
    - Rochefort 10
    - Busch
    - Leffe Rituel
    - Kasteel Donker
  always: lots of water
- foo
- bar
- baz
- bat
)");
}

References c4::yml::NodeRef::append_child(), CHECK, c4::yml::Tree::clear(), c4::yml::Tree::clear_arena(), c4::yml::Tree::crootref(), c4::yml::detail::RoNodeMethods< Impl, ConstImpl >::is_map(), c4::yml::detail::RoNodeMethods< Impl, ConstImpl >::is_seq(), c4::yml::key(), c4::yml::KEY, c4::yml::KEYMAP, c4::yml::KEYSEQ, c4::yml::detail::RoNodeMethods< Impl, ConstImpl >::num_children(), c4::yml::parse_in_arena(), c4::yml::Tree::reserve(), c4::yml::Tree::reserve_arena(), and c4::yml::Tree::rootref().

sample_parse_reuse_parser()

void sample::sample_parse_reuse_parser

(

)

Demonstrates reuse of an existing parser.

Doing this is recommended when multiple files are parsed.

See also

Parse utilities

Definition at line 2036 of file quickstart.cpp.

{
    ryml::EventHandlerTree evt_handler = {};
    ryml::Parser parser(&evt_handler);
 
    // it is also advised to reserve the parser depth
    // to the expected depth of the data tree:
    parser.reserve_stack(10); // uses small storage optimization
                              // defaulting to 16 depth, so this
                              // instruction is a no-op, and the stack
                              // will located in the parser object.
    parser.reserve_stack(20); // But this will cause an allocation
                              // because it is above 16.
 
    ryml::Tree champagnes = parse_in_arena(&parser, "champagnes.yml", "[Dom Perignon, Gosset Grande Reserve, Jacquesson 742]");
    CHECK(ryml::emitrs_yaml<std::string>(champagnes) == "[Dom Perignon,Gosset Grande Reserve,Jacquesson 742]");
 
    ryml::Tree beers = parse_in_arena(&parser, "beers.yml", "[Rochefort 10, Busch, Leffe Rituel, Kasteel Donker]");
    CHECK(ryml::emitrs_yaml<std::string>(beers) == "[Rochefort 10,Busch,Leffe Rituel,Kasteel Donker]");
}

References CHECK, c4::yml::parse_in_arena(), and c4::yml::ParseEngine< EventHandler >::reserve_stack().

sample_parse_reuse_tree_and_parser()

void sample::sample_parse_reuse_tree_and_parser

(

)

for ultimate speed when parsing multiple times, reuse both the tree and parser

See also

Parse utilities

Definition at line 2063 of file quickstart.cpp.

{
    ryml::Tree tree;
    // it will always be faster if the tree's size is conveniently reserved:
    tree.reserve(30); // reserve 30 nodes (good enough for this sample)
    // if you are using the tree's arena to serialize data,
    // then reserve also the arena's size:
    tree.reserve(256); // reserve 256 characters (good enough for this sample)
 
    ryml::EventHandlerTree evt_handler;
    ryml::Parser parser(&evt_handler);
    // it is also advised to reserve the parser depth
    // to the expected depth of the data tree:
    parser.reserve_stack(10); // the parser uses small storage
                              // optimization defaulting to 16 depth,
                              // so this instruction is a no-op, and
                              // the stack will be located in the
                              // parser object.
    parser.reserve_stack(20); // But this will cause an allocation
                              // because it is above 16.
 
    ryml::csubstr champagnes = "- Dom Perignon\n- Gosset Grande Reserve\n- Jacquesson 742";
    ryml::csubstr beers = "- Rochefort 10\n- Busch\n- Leffe Rituel\n- Kasteel Donker";
    ryml::csubstr wines = "- Soalheiro\n- Niepoort Redoma 2017\n- Vina Esmeralda";
 
    parse_in_arena(&parser, "champagnes.yml", champagnes, &tree);
    CHECK(ryml::emitrs_yaml<std::string>(tree) == R"(- Dom Perignon
- Gosset Grande Reserve
- Jacquesson 742
)");
 
    // watchout: this will APPEND to the given tree:
    parse_in_arena(&parser, "beers.yml", beers, &tree);
    CHECK(ryml::emitrs_yaml<std::string>(tree) == R"(- Dom Perignon
- Gosset Grande Reserve
- Jacquesson 742
- Rochefort 10
- Busch
- Leffe Rituel
- Kasteel Donker
)");
 
    // if you don't wish to append, clear the tree first:
    tree.clear();
    parse_in_arena(&parser, "wines.yml", wines, &tree);
    CHECK(ryml::emitrs_yaml<std::string>(tree) == R"(- Soalheiro
- Niepoort Redoma 2017
- Vina Esmeralda
)");
}

References CHECK, c4::yml::Tree::clear(), c4::yml::parse_in_arena(), c4::yml::Tree::reserve(), and c4::yml::ParseEngine< EventHandler >::reserve_stack().

sample_iterate_trees()

void sample::sample_iterate_trees

(

)

shows how to programatically iterate through trees

See also

Tree utilities

Node classes

Definition at line 2121 of file quickstart.cpp.

{
    const ryml::Tree tree = ryml::parse_in_arena(R"(doe: "a deer, a female deer"
ray: "a drop of golden sun"
pi: 3.14159
xmas: true
french-hens: 3
calling-birds:
   - huey
   - dewey
   - louie
   - fred
xmas-fifth-day:
  calling-birds: four
  french-hens: 3
  golden-rings: 5
  partridges:
    count: 1
    location: a pear tree
  turtle-doves: two
cars: GTO
)");
    ryml::ConstNodeRef root = tree.crootref();
 
    // iterate children
    {
        std::vector<ryml::csubstr> keys, vals; // to store all the root-level keys, vals
        for(ryml::ConstNodeRef n : root.children())
        {
            keys.emplace_back(n.key());
            vals.emplace_back(n.has_val() ? n.val() : ryml::csubstr{});
        }
        CHECK(keys[0] == "doe");
        CHECK(vals[0] == "a deer, a female deer");
        CHECK(keys[1] == "ray");
        CHECK(vals[1] == "a drop of golden sun");
        CHECK(keys[2] == "pi");
        CHECK(vals[2] == "3.14159");
        CHECK(keys[3] == "xmas");
        CHECK(vals[3] == "true");
        CHECK(root[5].has_key());
        CHECK(root[5].is_seq());
        CHECK(root[5].key() == "calling-birds");
        CHECK(!root[5].has_val()); // it is a map, so not a val
        //CHECK(root[5].val() == ""); // ERROR! node does not have a val.
        CHECK(keys[5] == "calling-birds");
        CHECK(vals[5] == "");
    }
 
    // iterate siblings
    {
        size_t count = 0;
        ryml::csubstr calling_birds[] = {"huey", "dewey", "louie", "fred"};
        for(ryml::ConstNodeRef n : root["calling-birds"][2].siblings())
            CHECK(n.val() == calling_birds[count++]);
        CHECK(count == 4u);
    }
}

References CHECK, c4::yml::detail::RoNodeMethods< Impl, ConstImpl >::children(), c4::yml::Tree::crootref(), c4::yml::key(), and c4::yml::parse_in_arena().

sample_create_trees()

void sample::sample_create_trees

(

)

shows how to programatically create trees

See also

Tree utilities

Node classes

Definition at line 2187 of file quickstart.cpp.

{
    ryml::NodeRef doe;
    CHECK(doe.invalid()); // it's pointing at nowhere
 
    ryml::Tree tree;
    ryml::NodeRef root = tree.rootref();
    root |= ryml::MAP; // mark root as a map
    doe = root["doe"];
    CHECK(!doe.invalid()); // it's now pointing at the tree
    CHECK(doe.is_seed()); // but the tree has nothing there, so this is only a seed
 
    // set the value of the node
    const char a_deer[] = "a deer, a female deer";
    doe = a_deer;
    // now the node really exists in the tree, and this ref is no
    // longer a seed:
    CHECK(!doe.is_seed());
    // WATCHOUT for lifetimes:
    CHECK(doe.val().str == a_deer); // it is pointing at the initial string
    // If you need to avoid lifetime dependency, serialize the data:
    {
        std::string a_drop = "a drop of golden sun";
        // this will copy the string to the tree's arena:
        // (see the serialization samples below)
        root["ray"] << a_drop;
        // and now you can modify the original string without changing
        // the tree:
        a_drop[0] = 'Z';
        a_drop[1] = 'Z';
    }
    CHECK(root["ray"].val() == "a drop of golden sun");
 
    // etc.
    root["pi"] << ryml::fmt::real(3.141592654, 5);
    root["xmas"] << ryml::fmt::boolalpha(true);
    root["french-hens"] << 3;
    ryml::NodeRef calling_birds = root["calling-birds"];
    calling_birds |= ryml::SEQ;
    calling_birds.append_child() = "huey";
    calling_birds.append_child() = "dewey";
    calling_birds.append_child() = "louie";
    calling_birds.append_child() = "fred";
    ryml::NodeRef xmas5 = root["xmas-fifth-day"];
    xmas5 |= ryml::MAP;
    xmas5["calling-birds"] = "four";
    xmas5["french-hens"] << 3;
    xmas5["golden-rings"] << 5;
    xmas5["partridges"] |= ryml::MAP;
    xmas5["partridges"]["count"] << 1;
    xmas5["partridges"]["location"] = "a pear tree";
    xmas5["turtle-doves"] = "two";
    root["cars"] = "GTO";
 
    CHECK(ryml::emitrs_yaml<std::string>(tree) == R"(doe: 'a deer, a female deer'
ray: a drop of golden sun
pi: 3.14159
xmas: true
french-hens: 3
calling-birds:
  - huey
  - dewey
  - louie
  - fred
xmas-fifth-day:
  calling-birds: four
  french-hens: 3
  golden-rings: 5
  partridges:
    count: 1
    location: a pear tree
  turtle-doves: two
cars: GTO
)");
}

References c4::yml::NodeRef::append_child(), c4::fmt::boolalpha(), CHECK, c4::yml::NodeRef::invalid(), c4::yml::NodeRef::is_seed(), c4::yml::MAP, c4::fmt::real(), c4::yml::Tree::rootref(), c4::yml::SEQ, and c4::yml::detail::RoNodeMethods< Impl, ConstImpl >::val().

sample_tree_arena()

void sample::sample_tree_arena

(

)

demonstrates explicit and implicit interaction with the tree's string arena.

Notice that ryml only holds strings in the tree's nodes.

Definition at line 2268 of file quickstart.cpp.

{
    // mutable buffers are parsed in situ:
    {
        char buf[] = "[a, b, c, d]";
        ryml::substr yml = buf;
        ryml::Tree tree = ryml::parse_in_place(yml);
        // notice the arena is empty:
        CHECK(tree.arena().empty());
        // and the tree is pointing at the original buffer:
        ryml::NodeRef root = tree.rootref();
        CHECK(root[0].val().is_sub(yml));
        CHECK(root[1].val().is_sub(yml));
        CHECK(root[2].val().is_sub(yml));
        CHECK(root[3].val().is_sub(yml));
        CHECK(yml.is_super(root[0].val()));
        CHECK(yml.is_super(root[1].val()));
        CHECK(yml.is_super(root[2].val()));
        CHECK(yml.is_super(root[3].val()));
    }
 
    // when parsing immutable buffers, the buffer is first copied to the
    // tree's arena; the copy in the arena is then the buffer which is
    // actually parsed
    {
        ryml::csubstr yml = "[a, b, c, d]";
        ryml::Tree tree = ryml::parse_in_arena(yml);
        // notice the buffer was copied to the arena:
        CHECK(tree.arena().data() != yml.data());
        CHECK(tree.arena() == yml);
        // and the tree is pointing at the arena instead of to the
        // original buffer:
        ryml::NodeRef root = tree.rootref();
        ryml::csubstr arena = tree.arena();
        CHECK(root[0].val().is_sub(arena));
        CHECK(root[1].val().is_sub(arena));
        CHECK(root[2].val().is_sub(arena));
        CHECK(root[3].val().is_sub(arena));
        CHECK(arena.is_super(root[0].val()));
        CHECK(arena.is_super(root[1].val()));
        CHECK(arena.is_super(root[2].val()));
        CHECK(arena.is_super(root[3].val()));
    }
 
    // the arena is also used when the data is serialized to string
    // with NodeRef::operator<<(): mutable buffer
    {
        char buf[] = "[a, b, c, d]"; // mutable
        ryml::substr yml = buf;
        ryml::Tree tree = ryml::parse_in_place(yml);
        // notice the arena is empty:
        CHECK(tree.arena().empty());
        ryml::NodeRef root = tree.rootref();
 
        // serialize an integer, and mutate the tree
        CHECK(root[2].val() == "c");
        CHECK(root[2].val().is_sub(yml)); // val is first pointing at the buffer
        root[2] << 12345;
        CHECK(root[2].val() == "12345");
        CHECK(root[2].val().is_sub(tree.arena())); // now val is pointing at the arena
        // notice the serialized string was appended to the tree's arena:
        CHECK(tree.arena() == "12345");
 
        // serialize an integer, and mutate the tree
        CHECK(root[3].val() == "d");
        CHECK(root[3].val().is_sub(yml)); // val is first pointing at the buffer
        root[3] << 67890;
        CHECK(root[3].val() == "67890");
        CHECK(root[3].val().is_sub(tree.arena())); // now val is pointing at the arena
        // notice the serialized string was appended to the tree's arena:
        CHECK(tree.arena() == "1234567890");
    }
    // the arena is also used when the data is serialized to string
    // with NodeRef::operator<<(): immutable buffer
    {
        ryml::csubstr yml = "[a, b, c, d]"; // immutable
        ryml::Tree tree = ryml::parse_in_arena(yml);
        // notice the buffer was copied to the arena:
        CHECK(tree.arena().data() != yml.data());
        CHECK(tree.arena() == yml);
        ryml::NodeRef root = tree.rootref();
 
        // serialize an integer, and mutate the tree
        CHECK(root[2].val() == "c");
        root[2] << 12345; // serialize an integer
        CHECK(root[2].val() == "12345");
        // notice the serialized string was appended to the tree's arena:
        // notice also the previous values remain there.
        // RYML DOES NOT KEEP TRACK OF REFERENCES TO THE ARENA.
        CHECK(tree.arena() == "[a, b, c, d]12345");
        // old values:  --------------^
 
        // serialize an integer, and mutate the tree
        root[3] << 67890;
        CHECK(root[3].val() == "67890");
        // notice the serialized string was appended to the tree's arena:
        // notice also the previous values remain there.
        // RYML DOES NOT KEEP TRACK OF REFERENCES TO THE ARENA.
        CHECK(tree.arena() == "[a, b, c, d]1234567890");
        // old values:  --------------^ ---^^^^^
    }
 
    // to_arena(): directly serialize values to the arena:
    {
        ryml::Tree tree = ryml::parse_in_arena("{a: b}");
        ryml::csubstr c10 = tree.to_arena(10101010);
        CHECK(c10 == "10101010");
        CHECK(c10.is_sub(tree.arena()));
        CHECK(tree.arena() == "{a: b}10101010");
        CHECK(tree.key(1) == "a");
        CHECK(tree.val(1) == "b");
        tree.set_val(1, c10);
        CHECK(tree.val(1) == c10);
        // and you can also do it through a node:
        ryml::NodeRef root = tree.rootref();
        root["a"].set_val_serialized(2222);
        CHECK(root["a"].val() == "2222");
        CHECK(tree.arena() == "{a: b}101010102222");
    }
 
    // copy_to_arena(): manually copy a string to the arena:
    {
        ryml::Tree tree = ryml::parse_in_arena("{a: b}");
        ryml::csubstr mystr = "Gosset Grande Reserve";
        ryml::csubstr copied = tree.copy_to_arena(mystr);
        CHECK(!copied.overlaps(mystr));
        CHECK(copied == mystr);
        CHECK(tree.arena() == "{a: b}Gosset Grande Reserve");
    }
 
    // alloc_arena(): allocate a buffer from the arena:
    {
        ryml::Tree tree = ryml::parse_in_arena("{a: b}");
        ryml::csubstr mystr = "Gosset Grande Reserve";
        ryml::substr copied = tree.alloc_arena(mystr.size());
        CHECK(!copied.overlaps(mystr));
        memcpy(copied.str, mystr.str, mystr.len);
        CHECK(copied == mystr);
        CHECK(tree.arena() == "{a: b}Gosset Grande Reserve");
    }
 
    // reserve_arena(): ensure the arena has a certain size to avoid reallocations
    {
        ryml::Tree tree = ryml::parse_in_arena("{a: b}");
        CHECK(tree.arena().size() == strlen("{a: b}"));
        tree.reserve_arena(100);
        CHECK(tree.arena_capacity() >= 100);
        CHECK(tree.arena().size() == strlen("{a: b}"));
        tree.to_arena(123456);
        CHECK(tree.arena().first(12) == "{a: b}123456");
    }
}

References c4::yml::Tree::alloc_arena(), c4::yml::Tree::arena(), c4::yml::Tree::arena_capacity(), CHECK, c4::yml::Tree::copy_to_arena(), c4::yml::Tree::key(), c4::yml::parse_in_arena(), c4::yml::parse_in_place(), c4::yml::Tree::reserve_arena(), c4::yml::Tree::rootref(), c4::yml::Tree::set_val(), c4::yml::NodeRef::set_val_serialized(), c4::yml::Tree::to_arena(), c4::yml::detail::RoNodeMethods< Impl, ConstImpl >::val(), and c4::yml::Tree::val().

sample_fundamental_types()

void sample::sample_fundamental_types

(

)

ryml provides facilities for serializing and deserializing the C++ fundamental types, including boolean and null values; this is provided by the several overloads in to_chars: generalized chars to value and from_chars: generalized chars to value.

To add serialization for user scalar types (ie, those types that should be serialized as strings in leaf nodes), you just need to define the appropriate overloads of to_chars and from_chars for those types; see sample_user_scalar_types for an example on how to achieve this, and see Serialization/deserialization for more information on serialization.

Definition at line 2433 of file quickstart.cpp.

{
    ryml::Tree tree;
    CHECK(tree.arena().empty());
    CHECK(tree.to_arena('a') == "a");               CHECK(tree.arena() == "a");
    CHECK(tree.to_arena("bcde") == "bcde");         CHECK(tree.arena() == "abcde");
    CHECK(tree.to_arena(unsigned(0)) == "0");       CHECK(tree.arena() == "abcde0");
    CHECK(tree.to_arena(int(1)) == "1");            CHECK(tree.arena() == "abcde01");
    CHECK(tree.to_arena(uint8_t(0)) == "0");        CHECK(tree.arena() == "abcde010");
    CHECK(tree.to_arena(uint16_t(1)) ==  "1");      CHECK(tree.arena() == "abcde0101");
    CHECK(tree.to_arena(uint32_t(2)) ==  "2");      CHECK(tree.arena() == "abcde01012");
    CHECK(tree.to_arena(uint64_t(3)) ==  "3");      CHECK(tree.arena() == "abcde010123");
    CHECK(tree.to_arena(int8_t( 4))  ==  "4");      CHECK(tree.arena() == "abcde0101234");
    CHECK(tree.to_arena(int8_t(-4))  == "-4");      CHECK(tree.arena() == "abcde0101234-4");
    CHECK(tree.to_arena(int16_t( 5)) ==  "5");      CHECK(tree.arena() == "abcde0101234-45");
    CHECK(tree.to_arena(int16_t(-5)) == "-5");      CHECK(tree.arena() == "abcde0101234-45-5");
    CHECK(tree.to_arena(int32_t( 6)) ==  "6");      CHECK(tree.arena() == "abcde0101234-45-56");
    CHECK(tree.to_arena(int32_t(-6)) == "-6");      CHECK(tree.arena() == "abcde0101234-45-56-6");
    CHECK(tree.to_arena(int64_t( 7)) ==  "7");      CHECK(tree.arena() == "abcde0101234-45-56-67");
    CHECK(tree.to_arena(int64_t(-7)) == "-7");      CHECK(tree.arena() == "abcde0101234-45-56-67-7");
    CHECK(tree.to_arena((void*)1) == "0x1");        CHECK(tree.arena() == "abcde0101234-45-56-67-70x1");
    CHECK(tree.to_arena(float(0.124)) == "0.124");  CHECK(tree.arena() == "abcde0101234-45-56-67-70x10.124");
    CHECK(tree.to_arena(double(0.234)) == "0.234"); CHECK(tree.arena() == "abcde0101234-45-56-67-70x10.1240.234");
 
    // write boolean values - see also sample_formatting()
    CHECK(tree.to_arena(bool(true)) == "1");                    CHECK(tree.arena() == "abcde0101234-45-56-67-70x10.1240.2341");
    CHECK(tree.to_arena(bool(false)) == "0");                   CHECK(tree.arena() == "abcde0101234-45-56-67-70x10.1240.23410");
    CHECK(tree.to_arena(c4::fmt::boolalpha(true)) == "true");   CHECK(tree.arena() == "abcde0101234-45-56-67-70x10.1240.23410true");
    CHECK(tree.to_arena(c4::fmt::boolalpha(false)) == "false"); CHECK(tree.arena() == "abcde0101234-45-56-67-70x10.1240.23410truefalse");
 
    // write special float values
    // see also sample_float_precision()
    const float  fnan = std::numeric_limits<float >::quiet_NaN();
    const double dnan = std::numeric_limits<double>::quiet_NaN();
    const float  finf = std::numeric_limits<float >::infinity();
    const double dinf = std::numeric_limits<double>::infinity();
    CHECK(tree.to_arena( finf) ==  ".inf"); CHECK(tree.arena() == "abcde0101234-45-56-67-70x10.1240.23410truefalse.inf");
    CHECK(tree.to_arena( dinf) ==  ".inf"); CHECK(tree.arena() == "abcde0101234-45-56-67-70x10.1240.23410truefalse.inf.inf");
    CHECK(tree.to_arena(-finf) == "-.inf"); CHECK(tree.arena() == "abcde0101234-45-56-67-70x10.1240.23410truefalse.inf.inf-.inf");
    CHECK(tree.to_arena(-dinf) == "-.inf"); CHECK(tree.arena() == "abcde0101234-45-56-67-70x10.1240.23410truefalse.inf.inf-.inf-.inf");
    CHECK(tree.to_arena( fnan) ==  ".nan"); CHECK(tree.arena() == "abcde0101234-45-56-67-70x10.1240.23410truefalse.inf.inf-.inf-.inf.nan");
    CHECK(tree.to_arena( dnan) ==  ".nan"); CHECK(tree.arena() == "abcde0101234-45-56-67-70x10.1240.23410truefalse.inf.inf-.inf-.inf.nan.nan");
 
    // read special float values
    // see also sample_float_precision()
    C4_SUPPRESS_WARNING_GCC_CLANG_WITH_PUSH("-Wfloat-equal");
    tree = ryml::parse_in_arena(R"({ninf: -.inf, pinf: .inf, nan: .nan})");
    float f = 0.f;
    double d = 0.;
    CHECK(f == 0.f);
    CHECK(d == 0.);
    tree["ninf"] >> f; CHECK(f == -finf);
    tree["ninf"] >> d; CHECK(d == -dinf);
    tree["pinf"] >> f; CHECK(f ==  finf);
    tree["pinf"] >> d; CHECK(d ==  dinf);
    tree["nan" ] >> f; CHECK(std::isnan(f));
    tree["nan" ] >> d; CHECK(std::isnan(d));
    C4_SUPPRESS_WARNING_GCC_CLANG_POP
 
    // value overflow detection:
    // (for integral types only)
    {
        // we will be detecting errors below, so we use this sample helper
        ScopedErrorHandlerExample err = {};
        ryml::Tree t(err.callbacks()); // instantiate with the error-detecting callbacks
        // create a simple tree with an int value
        ryml::parse_in_arena(R"({val: 258})", &t);
        // by default, overflow is not detected:
        uint8_t valu8 = 0;
        int8_t vali8 = 0;
        t["val"] >> valu8; CHECK(valu8 == 2); // not 257; it wrapped around
        t["val"] >> vali8; CHECK(vali8 == 2); // not 257; it wrapped around
        // ...but there are facilities to detect overflow
        CHECK(ryml::overflows<uint8_t>(t["val"].val()));
        CHECK(ryml::overflows<int8_t>(t["val"].val()));
        CHECK( ! ryml::overflows<int16_t>(t["val"].val()));
        // and there is a format helper
        CHECK(err.check_error_occurs([&]{
            auto checku8 = ryml::fmt::overflow_checked(valu8); // need to declare the wrapper type before using it with >>
            t["val"] >> checku8; // this will cause an error
        }));
        CHECK(err.check_error_occurs([&]{
            auto checki8 = ryml::fmt::overflow_checked(vali8); // need to declare the wrapper type before using it with >>
            t["val"] >> checki8; // this will cause an error
        }));
    }
}

References c4::yml::Tree::arena(), c4::fmt::boolalpha(), sample::ErrorHandlerExample::callbacks(), CHECK, sample::ErrorHandlerExample::check_error_occurs(), c4::yml::parse_in_arena(), and c4::yml::Tree::to_arena().

sample_empty_null_values()

void sample::sample_empty_null_values

(

)

Shows how to deal with empty/null values.

See also c4::yml::Tree::val_is_null

Definition at line 2526 of file quickstart.cpp.

{
    // reading empty/null values - see also sample_formatting()
    ryml::Tree tree = ryml::parse_in_arena(R"(
plain:
squoted: ''
dquoted: ""
literal: |
folded: >
all_null: [~, null, Null, NULL]
non_null: [nULL, non_null, non null, null it is not]
)");
    // first, remember that .has_val() is a structural predicate
    // indicating the node is a leaf, and not a container.
    CHECK(tree["plain"].has_val()); // has a val, even if it's empty!
    CHECK(tree["squoted"].has_val());
    CHECK(tree["dquoted"].has_val());
    CHECK(tree["literal"].has_val());
    CHECK(tree["folded"].has_val());
    CHECK( ! tree["all_null"].has_val());
    CHECK( ! tree["non_null"].has_val());
    // In essence, has_val() is the logical opposite of is_container()
    CHECK( ! tree["plain"].is_container());
    CHECK( ! tree["squoted"].is_container());
    CHECK( ! tree["dquoted"].is_container());
    CHECK( ! tree["literal"].is_container());
    CHECK( ! tree["folded"].is_container());
    CHECK(tree["all_null"].is_container());
    CHECK(tree["non_null"].is_container());
    //
    // Right. How about the contents of each val?
    //
    // all of these scalars have zero-length:
    CHECK(tree["plain"].val().len == 0);
    CHECK(tree["squoted"].val().len == 0);
    CHECK(tree["dquoted"].val().len == 0);
    CHECK(tree["literal"].val().len == 0);
    CHECK(tree["folded"].val().len == 0);
    // but only the empty scalar has null string:
    CHECK(tree["plain"].val().str == nullptr);
    CHECK(tree["squoted"].val().str != nullptr);
    CHECK(tree["dquoted"].val().str != nullptr);
    CHECK(tree["literal"].val().str != nullptr);
    CHECK(tree["folded"].val().str != nullptr);
    // likewise, scalar comparison to nullptr has the same results:
    // (remember that .val() gives you the scalar value, node must
    // have a val, ie must be a leaf node, not a container)
    CHECK(tree["plain"].val() == nullptr);
    CHECK(tree["squoted"].val() != nullptr);
    CHECK(tree["dquoted"].val() != nullptr);
    CHECK(tree["literal"].val() != nullptr);
    CHECK(tree["folded"].val() != nullptr);
    // the tree and node classes provide the corresponding predicate
    // functions .key_is_null() and .val_is_null().
    // (note that these functions have the same preconditions as .val(),
    // because they need get the val to look into its contents)
    CHECK(tree["plain"].val_is_null());
    CHECK( ! tree["squoted"].val_is_null());
    CHECK( ! tree["dquoted"].val_is_null());
    CHECK( ! tree["literal"].val_is_null());
    CHECK( ! tree["folded"].val_is_null());
    // matching to null is case-sensitive. only the cases shown here
    // match to null:
    for(ryml::ConstNodeRef child : tree["all_null"].children())
    {
        CHECK(child.val() != nullptr); // it is pointing at a string, so it is not nullptr!
        CHECK(child.val_is_null());
    }
    for(ryml::ConstNodeRef child : tree["non_null"].children())
    {
        CHECK(child.val() != nullptr);
        CHECK( ! child.val_is_null());
    }
    //
    //
    // Because the meaning of null/~/empty will vary from application
    // to application, ryml makes no assumption on what should be
    // serialized as null. It leaves this decision to the user. But
    // it also provides the proper toolbox for the user to implement
    // its intended solution.
    //
    // writing/disambiguating null values:
    ryml::csubstr null = {};
    ryml::csubstr nonnull = "";
    ryml::csubstr strnull = "null";
    ryml::csubstr tilde = "~";
    CHECK(null   .len == 0); CHECK(null   .str == nullptr); CHECK(null    == nullptr);
    CHECK(nonnull.len == 0); CHECK(nonnull.str != nullptr); CHECK(nonnull != nullptr);
    CHECK(strnull.len != 0); CHECK(strnull.str != nullptr); CHECK(strnull != nullptr);
    CHECK(tilde  .len != 0); CHECK(tilde  .str != nullptr); CHECK(tilde   != nullptr);
    tree.clear();
    tree.clear_arena();
    tree.rootref() |= ryml::MAP;
    // serializes as an empty plain scalar:
    tree["empty_null"] << null; CHECK(tree.arena() == "");
    // serializes as an empty quoted scalar:
    tree["empty_nonnull"] << nonnull; CHECK(tree.arena() == "");
    // serializes as the normal 'null' string:
    tree["str_null"] << strnull; CHECK(tree.arena() == "null");
    // serializes as the normal '~' string:
    tree["str_tilde"] << tilde; CHECK(tree.arena() == "null~");
    // this is the resulting yaml:
    CHECK(ryml::emitrs_yaml<std::string>(tree) == R"(empty_null: 
empty_nonnull: ''
str_null: null
str_tilde: ~
)");
    // To enforce a particular concept of what is a null string, you
    // can use the appropriate condition based on pointer nulity or
    // other appropriate criteria.
    //
    // As an example, proper comparison to nullptr:
    auto null_if_nullptr = [](ryml::csubstr s) {
        return s.str == nullptr ? "null" : s;
    };
    tree["empty_null"] << null_if_nullptr(null);
    tree["empty_nonnull"] << null_if_nullptr(nonnull);
    tree["str_null"] << null_if_nullptr(strnull);
    tree["str_tilde"] << null_if_nullptr(tilde);
    // this is the resulting yaml:
    CHECK(ryml::emitrs_yaml<std::string>(tree) == R"(empty_null: null
empty_nonnull: ''
str_null: null
str_tilde: ~
)");
    //
    // As another example, nulity check based on the YAML nulity
    // predicate:
    auto null_if_predicate = [](ryml::csubstr s) {
        return ryml::scalar_is_null(s) ? "null" : s;
    };
    tree["empty_null"] << null_if_predicate(null);
    tree["empty_nonnull"] << null_if_predicate(nonnull);
    tree["str_null"] << null_if_predicate(strnull);
    tree["str_tilde"] << null_if_predicate(tilde);
    // this is the resulting yaml:
    CHECK(ryml::emitrs_yaml<std::string>(tree) == R"(empty_null: null
empty_nonnull: ''
str_null: null
str_tilde: null
)");
    //
    // As another example, nulity check based on the YAML nulity
    // predicate, but returning "~" to simbolize nulity:
    auto tilde_if_predicate = [](ryml::csubstr s) {
        return ryml::scalar_is_null(s) ? "~" : s;
    };
    tree["empty_null"] << tilde_if_predicate(null);
    tree["empty_nonnull"] << tilde_if_predicate(nonnull);
    tree["str_null"] << tilde_if_predicate(strnull);
    tree["str_tilde"] << tilde_if_predicate(tilde);
    // this is the resulting yaml:
    CHECK(ryml::emitrs_yaml<std::string>(tree) == R"(empty_null: ~
empty_nonnull: ''
str_null: ~
str_tilde: ~
)");
}

References c4::yml::Tree::arena(), CHECK, c4::yml::Tree::clear(), c4::yml::Tree::clear_arena(), c4::yml::MAP, c4::yml::parse_in_arena(), c4::yml::Tree::rootref(), and c4::yml::scalar_is_null().

sample_formatting()

void sample::sample_formatting

(

)

ryml provides facilities for formatting/deformatting (imported from c4core into the ryml namespace).

See Format utilities . These functions are very useful to serialize and deserialize scalar types; see Serialization/deserialization .

Definition at line 2693 of file quickstart.cpp.

{
    // format(), format_sub(), formatrs(): format arguments
    {
        char buf_[256] = {};
        ryml::substr buf = buf_;
        size_t size = ryml::format(buf, "a={} foo {} {} bar {}", 0.1, 10, 11, 12);
        CHECK(size == strlen("a=0.1 foo 10 11 bar 12"));
        CHECK(buf.first(size) == "a=0.1 foo 10 11 bar 12");
        // it is safe to call on an empty buffer:
        // returns the size needed for the result, and no overflow occurs:
        size = ryml::format({} , "a={} foo {} {} bar {}", "this_is_a", 10, 11, 12);
        CHECK(size == ryml::format(buf, "a={} foo {} {} bar {}", "this_is_a", 10, 11, 12));
        CHECK(size == strlen("a=this_is_a foo 10 11 bar 12"));
        // it is also safe to call on an insufficient buffer:
        char smallbuf[8] = {};
        size = ryml::format(smallbuf, "{} is too large {}", "this", "for the buffer");
        CHECK(size == strlen("this is too large for the buffer"));
        // ... and the result is truncated at the buffer size:
        CHECK(ryml::substr(smallbuf, sizeof(smallbuf)) == "this is\0");
 
        // format_sub() directly returns the written string:
        ryml::csubstr result = ryml::format_sub(buf, "b={}, damn it.", 1);
        CHECK(result == "b=1, damn it.");
        CHECK(result.is_sub(buf));
 
        // formatrs() means FORMAT & ReSize:
        //
        // Instead of a substr, it receives any owning linear char container
        // for which to_substr() is defined (using ADL).
        // <ryml_std.hpp> has to_substr() definitions for std::string and
        // std::vector<char>.
        //
        // formatrs() starts by calling format(), and if needed, resizes the container
        // and calls format() again.
        //
        // Note that unless the container is previously sized, this
        // may cause an allocation, which will make your code slower.
        // Make sure to call .reserve() on the container for real
        // production code.
        std::string sbuf;
        ryml::formatrs(&sbuf, "and c={} seems about right", 2);
        CHECK(sbuf == "and c=2 seems about right");
        std::vector<char> vbuf; // works with any linear char container
        ryml::formatrs(&vbuf, "and c={} seems about right", 2);
        CHECK(sbuf == "and c=2 seems about right");
        // with formatrs() it is also possible to append:
        ryml::formatrs_append(&sbuf, ", and finally d={} - done", 3);
        CHECK(sbuf == "and c=2 seems about right, and finally d=3 - done");
    }
 
    // unformat(): read arguments - opposite of format()
    {
        char buf_[256];
 
        int a = 0, b = 1, c = 2;
        ryml::csubstr result = ryml::format_sub(buf_, "{} and {} and {}", a, b, c);
        CHECK(result == "0 and 1 and 2");
        int aa = -1, bb = -2, cc = -3;
        size_t num_characters = ryml::unformat(result, "{} and {} and {}", aa, bb, cc);
        CHECK(num_characters != ryml::csubstr::npos); // if a conversion fails, returns ryml::csubstr::npos
        CHECK(num_characters == result.size());
        CHECK(aa == a);
        CHECK(bb == b);
        CHECK(cc == c);
 
        result = ryml::format_sub(buf_, "{} and {} and {}", 10, 20, 30);
        CHECK(result == "10 and 20 and 30");
        num_characters = ryml::unformat(result, "{} and {} and {}", aa, bb, cc);
        CHECK(num_characters != ryml::csubstr::npos); // if a conversion fails, returns ryml::csubstr::npos
        CHECK(num_characters == result.size());
        CHECK(aa == 10);
        CHECK(bb == 20);
        CHECK(cc == 30);
    }
 
    // cat(), cat_sub(), catrs(): concatenate arguments
    {
        char buf_[256] = {};
        ryml::substr buf = buf_;
        size_t size = ryml::cat(buf, "a=", 0.1, "foo", 10, 11, "bar", 12);
        CHECK(size == strlen("a=0.1foo1011bar12"));
        CHECK(buf.first(size) == "a=0.1foo1011bar12");
        // it is safe to call on an empty buffer:
        // returns the size needed for the result, and no overflow occurs:
        CHECK(ryml::cat({}, "a=", 0) == 3);
        // it is also safe to call on an insufficient buffer:
        char smallbuf[8] = {};
        size = ryml::cat(smallbuf, "this", " is too large ", "for the buffer");
        CHECK(size == strlen("this is too large for the buffer"));
        // ... and the result is truncated at the buffer size:
        CHECK(ryml::substr(smallbuf, sizeof(smallbuf)) == "this is\0");
 
        // cat_sub() directly returns the written string:
        ryml::csubstr result = ryml::cat_sub(buf, "b=", 1, ", damn it.");
        CHECK(result == "b=1, damn it.");
        CHECK(result.is_sub(buf));
 
        // catrs() means CAT & ReSize:
        //
        // Instead of a substr, it receives any owning linear char container
        // for which to_substr() is defined (using ADL).
        // <ryml_std.hpp> has to_substr() definitions for std::string and
        // std::vector<char>.
        //
        // catrs() starts by calling cat(), and if needed, resizes the container
        // and calls cat() again.
        //
        // Note that unless the container is previously sized, this
        // may cause an allocation, which will make your code slower.
        // Make sure to call .reserve() on the container for real
        // production code.
        std::string sbuf;
        ryml::catrs(&sbuf, "and c=", 2, " seems about right");
        CHECK(sbuf == "and c=2 seems about right");
        std::vector<char> vbuf; // works with any linear char container
        ryml::catrs(&vbuf, "and c=", 2, " seems about right");
        CHECK(sbuf == "and c=2 seems about right");
        // with catrs() it is also possible to append:
        ryml::catrs_append(&sbuf, ", and finally d=", 3, " - done");
        CHECK(sbuf == "and c=2 seems about right, and finally d=3 - done");
    }
 
    // uncat(): read arguments - opposite of cat()
    {
        char buf_[256];
 
        int a = 0, b = 1, c = 2;
        ryml::csubstr result = ryml::cat_sub(buf_, a, ' ', b, ' ', c);
        CHECK(result == "0 1 2");
        int aa = -1, bb = -2, cc = -3;
        char sep1 = 'a', sep2 = 'b';
        size_t num_characters = ryml::uncat(result, aa, sep1, bb, sep2, cc);
        CHECK(num_characters == result.size());
        CHECK(aa == a);
        CHECK(bb == b);
        CHECK(cc == c);
        CHECK(sep1 == ' ');
        CHECK(sep2 == ' ');
 
        result = ryml::cat_sub(buf_, 10, ' ', 20, ' ', 30);
        CHECK(result == "10 20 30");
        num_characters = ryml::uncat(result, aa, sep1, bb, sep2, cc);
        CHECK(num_characters == result.size());
        CHECK(aa == 10);
        CHECK(bb == 20);
        CHECK(cc == 30);
        CHECK(sep1 == ' ');
        CHECK(sep2 == ' ');
    }
 
    // catsep(), catsep_sub(), catseprs(): concatenate arguments, with a separator
    {
        char buf_[256] = {};
        ryml::substr buf = buf_;
        // use ' ' as a separator
        size_t size = ryml::catsep(buf, ' ', "a=", 0, "b=", 1, "c=", 2, 45, 67);
        CHECK(buf.first(size) == "a= 0 b= 1 c= 2 45 67");
        // any separator may be used
        // use " and " as a separator
        size = ryml::catsep(buf, " and ", "a=0", "b=1", "c=2", 45, 67);
        CHECK(buf.first(size) == "a=0 and b=1 and c=2 and 45 and 67");
        // use " ... " as a separator
        size = ryml::catsep(buf, " ... ", "a=0", "b=1", "c=2", 45, 67);
        CHECK(buf.first(size) == "a=0 ... b=1 ... c=2 ... 45 ... 67");
        // use '/' as a separator
        size = ryml::catsep(buf, '/', "a=", 0, "b=", 1, "c=", 2, 45, 67);
        CHECK(buf.first(size) == "a=/0/b=/1/c=/2/45/67");
        // use 888 as a separator
        size = ryml::catsep(buf, 888, "a=0", "b=1", "c=2", 45, 67);
        CHECK(buf.first(size) == "a=0888b=1888c=28884588867");
 
        // it is safe to call on an empty buffer:
        // returns the size needed for the result, and no overflow occurs:
        CHECK(size == ryml::catsep({}, 888, "a=0", "b=1", "c=2", 45, 67));
        // it is also safe to call on an insufficient buffer:
        char smallbuf[8] = {};
        CHECK(size == ryml::catsep(smallbuf, 888, "a=0", "b=1", "c=2", 45, 67));
        CHECK(size == strlen("a=0888b=1888c=28884588867"));
        // ... and the result is truncated:
        CHECK(ryml::substr(smallbuf, sizeof(smallbuf)) == "a=0888b\0");
 
        // catsep_sub() directly returns the written substr:
        ryml::csubstr result = ryml::catsep_sub(buf, " and ", "a=0", "b=1", "c=2", 45, 67);
        CHECK(result == "a=0 and b=1 and c=2 and 45 and 67");
        CHECK(result.is_sub(buf));
 
        // catseprs() means CATSEP & ReSize:
        //
        // Instead of a substr, it receives any owning linear char container
        // for which to_substr() is defined (using ADL).
        // <ryml_std.hpp> has to_substr() definitions for std::string and
        // std::vector<char>.
        //
        // catseprs() starts by calling catsep(), and if needed, resizes the container
        // and calls catsep() again.
        //
        // Note that unless the container is previously sized, this
        // may cause an allocation, which will make your code slower.
        // Make sure to call .reserve() on the container for real
        // production code.
        std::string sbuf;
        ryml::catseprs(&sbuf, " and ", "a=0", "b=1", "c=2", 45, 67);
        CHECK(sbuf == "a=0 and b=1 and c=2 and 45 and 67");
        std::vector<char> vbuf; // works with any linear char container
        ryml::catseprs(&vbuf, " and ", "a=0", "b=1", "c=2", 45, 67);
        CHECK(ryml::to_csubstr(vbuf) == "a=0 and b=1 and c=2 and 45 and 67");
 
        // with catseprs() it is also possible to append:
        ryml::catseprs_append(&sbuf, " well ", " --- a=0", "b=11", "c=12", 145, 167);
        CHECK(sbuf == "a=0 and b=1 and c=2 and 45 and 67 --- a=0 well b=11 well c=12 well 145 well 167");
    }
 
    // uncatsep(): read arguments with a separator - opposite of catsep()
    {
        char buf_[256] = {};
 
        int a = 0, b = 1, c = 2;
        ryml::csubstr result = ryml::catsep_sub(buf_, ' ', a, b, c);
        CHECK(result == "0 1 2");
        int aa = -1, bb = -2, cc = -3;
        char sep = 'b';
        size_t num_characters = ryml::uncatsep(result, sep, aa, bb, cc);
        CHECK(num_characters == result.size());
        CHECK(aa == a);
        CHECK(bb == b);
        CHECK(cc == c);
        CHECK(sep == ' ');
 
        sep = '_';
        result = ryml::catsep_sub(buf_, ' ', 10, 20, 30);
        CHECK(result == "10 20 30");
        num_characters = ryml::uncatsep(result, sep, aa, bb, cc);
        CHECK(num_characters == result.size());
        CHECK(aa == 10);
        CHECK(bb == 20);
        CHECK(cc == 30);
        CHECK(sep == ' ');
    }
 
    // formatting individual arguments
    {
        using namespace ryml;  // all the symbols below are in the ryml namespace.
        char buf_[256] = {};   // all the results below are written in this buffer
        substr buf = buf_;
        // --------------------------------------
        // fmt::boolalpha(): format as true/false
        // --------------------------------------
        // just as with std streams, printing a bool will output the integer value:
        CHECK("0" == cat_sub(buf, false));
        CHECK("1" == cat_sub(buf, true));
        // to force a "true"/"false", use fmt::boolalpha:
        CHECK("false" == cat_sub(buf, fmt::boolalpha(false)));
        CHECK("true" == cat_sub(buf, fmt::boolalpha(true)));
 
        // ---------------------------------
        // fmt::hex(): format as hexadecimal
        // ---------------------------------
        CHECK("0xff"  == cat_sub(buf, fmt::hex(255)));
        CHECK("0x100" == cat_sub(buf, fmt::hex(256)));
        CHECK("-0xff"  == cat_sub(buf, fmt::hex(-255)));
        CHECK("-0x100" == cat_sub(buf, fmt::hex(-256)));
        CHECK("3735928559" == cat_sub(buf,          UINT32_C(0xdeadbeef)));
        CHECK("0xdeadbeef" == cat_sub(buf, fmt::hex(UINT32_C(0xdeadbeef))));
        // ----------------------------
        // fmt::bin(): format as binary
        // ----------------------------
        CHECK("0b1000" == cat_sub(buf, fmt::bin(8)));
        CHECK("0b1001" == cat_sub(buf, fmt::bin(9)));
        CHECK("0b10001" == cat_sub(buf, fmt::bin(17)));
        CHECK("0b11001" == cat_sub(buf, fmt::bin(25)));
        CHECK("-0b1000" == cat_sub(buf, fmt::bin(-8)));
        CHECK("-0b1001" == cat_sub(buf, fmt::bin(-9)));
        CHECK("-0b10001" == cat_sub(buf, fmt::bin(-17)));
        CHECK("-0b11001" == cat_sub(buf, fmt::bin(-25)));
        // ---------------------------
        // fmt::bin(): format as octal
        // ---------------------------
        CHECK("0o77"    == cat_sub(buf, fmt::oct(63)));
        CHECK("0o100"   == cat_sub(buf, fmt::oct(64)));
        CHECK("0o377"   == cat_sub(buf, fmt::oct(255)));
        CHECK("0o400"   == cat_sub(buf, fmt::oct(256)));
        CHECK("0o1000"  == cat_sub(buf, fmt::oct(512)));
        CHECK("-0o77"   == cat_sub(buf, fmt::oct(-63)));
        CHECK("-0o100"  == cat_sub(buf, fmt::oct(-64)));
        CHECK("-0o377"  == cat_sub(buf, fmt::oct(-255)));
        CHECK("-0o400"  == cat_sub(buf, fmt::oct(-256)));
        CHECK("-0o1000" == cat_sub(buf, fmt::oct(-512)));
        // ---------------------------
        // fmt::zpad(): pad with zeros
        // ---------------------------
        CHECK("000063" == cat_sub(buf, fmt::zpad(63, 6)));
        CHECK( "00063" == cat_sub(buf, fmt::zpad(63, 5)));
        CHECK(  "0063" == cat_sub(buf, fmt::zpad(63, 4)));
        CHECK(   "063" == cat_sub(buf, fmt::zpad(63, 3)));
        CHECK(    "63" == cat_sub(buf, fmt::zpad(63, 2)));
        CHECK(    "63" == cat_sub(buf, fmt::zpad(63, 1))); // will never trim the result
        CHECK(    "63" == cat_sub(buf, fmt::zpad(63, 0))); // will never trim the result
        CHECK("0x00003f" == cat_sub(buf, fmt::zpad(fmt::hex(63), 6)));
        CHECK("0o000077" == cat_sub(buf, fmt::zpad(fmt::oct(63), 6)));
        CHECK("0b00011001" == cat_sub(buf, fmt::zpad(fmt::bin(25), 8)));
        // ------------------------------------------------
        // fmt::left(): align left with a given field width
        // ------------------------------------------------
        CHECK("63    " == cat_sub(buf, fmt::left(63, 6)));
        CHECK("63   "  == cat_sub(buf, fmt::left(63, 5)));
        CHECK("63  "   == cat_sub(buf, fmt::left(63, 4)));
        CHECK("63 "    == cat_sub(buf, fmt::left(63, 3)));
        CHECK("63"     == cat_sub(buf, fmt::left(63, 2)));
        CHECK("63"     == cat_sub(buf, fmt::left(63, 1))); // will never trim the result
        CHECK("63"     == cat_sub(buf, fmt::left(63, 0))); // will never trim the result
        // the fill character can be specified (defaults to ' '):
        CHECK("63----" == cat_sub(buf, fmt::left(63, 6, '-')));
        CHECK("63++++" == cat_sub(buf, fmt::left(63, 6, '+')));
        CHECK("63////" == cat_sub(buf, fmt::left(63, 6, '/')));
        CHECK("630000" == cat_sub(buf, fmt::left(63, 6, '0')));
        CHECK("63@@@@" == cat_sub(buf, fmt::left(63, 6, '@')));
        CHECK("0x003f    " == cat_sub(buf, fmt::left(fmt::zpad(fmt::hex(63), 4), 10)));
        // --------------------------------------------------
        // fmt::right(): align right with a given field width
        // --------------------------------------------------
        CHECK("    63" == cat_sub(buf, fmt::right(63, 6)));
        CHECK("   63"  == cat_sub(buf, fmt::right(63, 5)));
        CHECK("  63"   == cat_sub(buf, fmt::right(63, 4)));
        CHECK(" 63"    == cat_sub(buf, fmt::right(63, 3)));
        CHECK("63"     == cat_sub(buf, fmt::right(63, 2)));
        CHECK("63"     == cat_sub(buf, fmt::right(63, 1))); // will never trim the result
        CHECK("63"     == cat_sub(buf, fmt::right(63, 0))); // will never trim the result
        // the fill character can be specified (defaults to ' '):
        CHECK("----63" == cat_sub(buf, fmt::right(63, 6, '-')));
        CHECK("++++63" == cat_sub(buf, fmt::right(63, 6, '+')));
        CHECK("////63" == cat_sub(buf, fmt::right(63, 6, '/')));
        CHECK("000063" == cat_sub(buf, fmt::right(63, 6, '0')));
        CHECK("@@@@63" == cat_sub(buf, fmt::right(63, 6, '@')));
        CHECK("    0x003f" == cat_sub(buf, fmt::right(fmt::zpad(fmt::hex(63), 4), 10)));
 
        // ------------------------------------------
        // fmt::real(): format floating point numbers
        // ------------------------------------------
        // see also sample_float_precision()
        CHECK("0"       == cat_sub(buf, fmt::real(0.01f, 0)));
        CHECK("0.0"     == cat_sub(buf, fmt::real(0.01f, 1)));
        CHECK("0.01"    == cat_sub(buf, fmt::real(0.01f, 2)));
        CHECK("0.010"   == cat_sub(buf, fmt::real(0.01f, 3)));
        CHECK("0.0100"  == cat_sub(buf, fmt::real(0.01f, 4)));
        CHECK("0.01000" == cat_sub(buf, fmt::real(0.01f, 5)));
        CHECK("1"       == cat_sub(buf, fmt::real(1.01f, 0)));
        CHECK("1.0"     == cat_sub(buf, fmt::real(1.01f, 1)));
        CHECK("1.01"    == cat_sub(buf, fmt::real(1.01f, 2)));
        CHECK("1.010"   == cat_sub(buf, fmt::real(1.01f, 3)));
        CHECK("1.0100"  == cat_sub(buf, fmt::real(1.01f, 4)));
        CHECK("1.01000" == cat_sub(buf, fmt::real(1.01f, 5)));
        CHECK("1"       == cat_sub(buf, fmt::real(1.234234234, 0)));
        CHECK("1.2"     == cat_sub(buf, fmt::real(1.234234234, 1)));
        CHECK("1.23"    == cat_sub(buf, fmt::real(1.234234234, 2)));
        CHECK("1.234"   == cat_sub(buf, fmt::real(1.234234234, 3)));
        CHECK("1.2342"  == cat_sub(buf, fmt::real(1.234234234, 4)));
        CHECK("1.23423" == cat_sub(buf, fmt::real(1.234234234, 5)));
        CHECK("1000000.00000" == cat_sub(buf, fmt::real(1000000.000000000, 5)));
        CHECK("1234234.23423" == cat_sub(buf, fmt::real(1234234.234234234, 5)));
        // AKA %f
        CHECK("1000000.00000" == cat_sub(buf, fmt::real(1000000.000000000, 5, FTOA_FLOAT)));  // AKA %f, same as above
        CHECK("1234234.23423" == cat_sub(buf, fmt::real(1234234.234234234, 5, FTOA_FLOAT)));  // AKA %f
        CHECK("1234234.2342"  == cat_sub(buf, fmt::real(1234234.234234234, 4, FTOA_FLOAT)));  // AKA %f
        CHECK("1234234.234"   == cat_sub(buf, fmt::real(1234234.234234234, 3, FTOA_FLOAT)));  // AKA %f
        CHECK("1234234.23"    == cat_sub(buf, fmt::real(1234234.234234234, 2, FTOA_FLOAT)));  // AKA %f
        // AKA %e
        CHECK("1.00000e+06"   == cat_sub(buf, fmt::real(1000000.000000000, 5, FTOA_SCIENT))); // AKA %e
        CHECK("1.23423e+06"   == cat_sub(buf, fmt::real(1234234.234234234, 5, FTOA_SCIENT))); // AKA %e
        CHECK("1.2342e+06"    == cat_sub(buf, fmt::real(1234234.234234234, 4, FTOA_SCIENT))); // AKA %e
        CHECK("1.234e+06"     == cat_sub(buf, fmt::real(1234234.234234234, 3, FTOA_SCIENT))); // AKA %e
        CHECK("1.23e+06"      == cat_sub(buf, fmt::real(1234234.234234234, 2, FTOA_SCIENT))); // AKA %e
        // AKA %g
        CHECK("1e+06"         == cat_sub(buf, fmt::real(1000000.000000000, 5, FTOA_FLEX)));   // AKA %g
        CHECK("1.2342e+06"    == cat_sub(buf, fmt::real(1234234.234234234, 5, FTOA_FLEX)));   // AKA %g
        CHECK("1.234e+06"     == cat_sub(buf, fmt::real(1234234.234234234, 4, FTOA_FLEX)));   // AKA %g
        CHECK("1.23e+06"      == cat_sub(buf, fmt::real(1234234.234234234, 3, FTOA_FLEX)));   // AKA %g
        CHECK("1.2e+06"       == cat_sub(buf, fmt::real(1234234.234234234, 2, FTOA_FLEX)));   // AKA %g
        // FTOA_HEXA: AKA %a (hexadecimal formatting of floats)
        CHECK("0x1.e8480p+19" == cat_sub(buf, fmt::real(1000000.000000000, 5, FTOA_HEXA)));   // AKA %a
        CHECK("0x1.2d53ap+20" == cat_sub(buf, fmt::real(1234234.234234234, 5, FTOA_HEXA)));   // AKA %a
 
        // --------------------------------------------------------------
        // fmt::raw(): dump data in machine format (respecting alignment)
        // --------------------------------------------------------------
        {
            C4_SUPPRESS_WARNING_GCC_CLANG_WITH_PUSH("-Wcast-align")  // we're casting the values directly, so alignment is strictly respected.
            const uint32_t payload[] = {10, 20, 30, 40, UINT32_C(0xdeadbeef)};
            // (package payload as a substr, for comparison only)
            csubstr expected = csubstr((const char *)payload, sizeof(payload));
            csubstr actual = cat_sub(buf, fmt::raw(payload));
            CHECK(!actual.overlaps(expected));
            CHECK(0 == memcmp(expected.str, actual.str, expected.len));
            // also possible with variables:
            for(const uint32_t value : payload)
            {
                // (package payload as a substr, for comparison only)
                expected = csubstr((const char *)&value, sizeof(value));
                actual = cat_sub(buf, fmt::raw(value));
                CHECK(actual.size() == sizeof(uint32_t));
                CHECK(!actual.overlaps(expected));
                CHECK(0 == memcmp(expected.str, actual.str, expected.len));
                // with non-const data, fmt::craw() may be needed for disambiguation:
                actual = cat_sub(buf, fmt::craw(value));
                CHECK(actual.size() == sizeof(uint32_t));
                CHECK(!actual.overlaps(expected));
                CHECK(0 == memcmp(expected.str, actual.str, expected.len));
                //
                // read back:
                uint32_t result;
                auto reader = fmt::raw(result); // keeps a reference to result
                CHECK(&result == (uint32_t*)reader.buf);
                CHECK(reader.len == sizeof(uint32_t));
                uncat(actual, reader);
                // and compare:
                // (vs2017/release/32bit does not reload result from cache, so force it)
                result = *(uint32_t*)reader.buf;
                CHECK(result == value); // roundtrip completed successfully
            }
            C4_SUPPRESS_WARNING_GCC_CLANG_POP
        }
 
        // -------------------------
        // fmt::base64(): see below!
        // -------------------------
    }
}

References c4::fmt::bin, c4::fmt::boolalpha(), c4::cat(), c4::cat_sub(), c4::catrs(), c4::catrs_append(), c4::catsep(), c4::catsep_sub(), c4::catseprs(), c4::catseprs_append(), CHECK, c4::fmt::craw(), c4::format(), c4::format_sub(), c4::formatrs(), c4::formatrs_append(), c4::FTOA_FLEX, c4::FTOA_FLOAT, c4::FTOA_HEXA, c4::FTOA_SCIENT, c4::fmt::hex, c4::fmt::left(), c4::yml::npos, c4::fmt::oct, c4::fmt::raw(), c4::fmt::real(), c4::fmt::right(), c4::to_csubstr(), c4::uncat(), c4::uncatsep(), c4::unformat(), and c4::fmt::zpad().

sample_base64()

void sample::sample_base64

(

)

demonstrates how to read and write base64-encoded blobs.

See also

Base64 encoding/decoding

Definition at line 3127 of file quickstart.cpp.

{
    ryml::Tree tree;
    tree.rootref() |= ryml::MAP;
    struct text_and_base64 { ryml::csubstr text, base64; };
    text_and_base64 cases[] = {
        {{"Love all, trust a few, do wrong to none."}, {"TG92ZSBhbGwsIHRydXN0IGEgZmV3LCBkbyB3cm9uZyB0byBub25lLg=="}},
        {{"The fool doth think he is wise, but the wise man knows himself to be a fool."}, {"VGhlIGZvb2wgZG90aCB0aGluayBoZSBpcyB3aXNlLCBidXQgdGhlIHdpc2UgbWFuIGtub3dzIGhpbXNlbGYgdG8gYmUgYSBmb29sLg=="}},
        {{"Brevity is the soul of wit."}, {"QnJldml0eSBpcyB0aGUgc291bCBvZiB3aXQu"}},
        {{"All that glitters is not gold."}, {"QWxsIHRoYXQgZ2xpdHRlcnMgaXMgbm90IGdvbGQu"}},
    };
    // to encode base64 and write the result to val:
    for(text_and_base64 c : cases)
    {
        tree[c.text] << ryml::fmt::base64(c.text);
        CHECK(tree[c.text].val() == c.base64);
    }
    // to encode base64 and write the result to key:
    for(text_and_base64 c : cases)
    {
        tree.rootref().append_child() << ryml::key(ryml::fmt::base64(c.text)) << c.text;
        CHECK(tree[c.base64].val() == c.text);
    }
    CHECK(ryml::emitrs_yaml<std::string>(tree) == R"('Love all, trust a few, do wrong to none.': TG92ZSBhbGwsIHRydXN0IGEgZmV3LCBkbyB3cm9uZyB0byBub25lLg==
'The fool doth think he is wise, but the wise man knows himself to be a fool.': VGhlIGZvb2wgZG90aCB0aGluayBoZSBpcyB3aXNlLCBidXQgdGhlIHdpc2UgbWFuIGtub3dzIGhpbXNlbGYgdG8gYmUgYSBmb29sLg==
Brevity is the soul of wit.: QnJldml0eSBpcyB0aGUgc291bCBvZiB3aXQu
All that glitters is not gold.: QWxsIHRoYXQgZ2xpdHRlcnMgaXMgbm90IGdvbGQu
TG92ZSBhbGwsIHRydXN0IGEgZmV3LCBkbyB3cm9uZyB0byBub25lLg==: 'Love all, trust a few, do wrong to none.'
VGhlIGZvb2wgZG90aCB0aGluayBoZSBpcyB3aXNlLCBidXQgdGhlIHdpc2UgbWFuIGtub3dzIGhpbXNlbGYgdG8gYmUgYSBmb29sLg==: 'The fool doth think he is wise, but the wise man knows himself to be a fool.'
QnJldml0eSBpcyB0aGUgc291bCBvZiB3aXQu: Brevity is the soul of wit.
QWxsIHRoYXQgZ2xpdHRlcnMgaXMgbm90IGdvbGQu: All that glitters is not gold.
)");
    char buf1_[128], buf2_[128];
    ryml::substr buf1 = buf1_;  // this is where we will write the result (using >>)
    ryml::substr buf2 = buf2_;  // this is where we will write the result (using deserialize_val()/deserialize_key())
    std::string result = {}; // show also how to decode to a std::string
    // to decode the val base64 and write the result to buf:
    for(const text_and_base64 c : cases)
    {
        // write the decoded result into the given buffer
        tree[c.text] >> ryml::fmt::base64(buf1); // cannot know the needed size
        size_t len = tree[c.text].deserialize_val(ryml::fmt::base64(buf2)); // returns the needed size
        CHECK(len <= buf1.len);
        CHECK(len <= buf2.len);
        CHECK(c.text.len == len);
        CHECK(buf1.first(len) == c.text);
        CHECK(buf2.first(len) == c.text);
        //
        // interop with std::string: using substr
        result.clear(); // this is not needed. We do it just to show that the first call can fail.
        len = tree[c.text].deserialize_val(ryml::fmt::base64(ryml::to_substr(result))); // returns the needed size
        if(len > result.size()) // the size was not enough; resize and call again
        {
            result.resize(len);
            len = tree[c.text].deserialize_val(ryml::fmt::base64(ryml::to_substr(result))); // returns the needed size
        }
        result.resize(len); // trim to the length of the decoded buffer
        CHECK(result == c.text);
        //
        // interop with std::string: using blob
        result.clear(); // this is not needed. We do it just to show that the first call can fail.
        ryml::blob strblob(&result[0], result.size());
        CHECK(strblob.buf == result.data());
        CHECK(strblob.len == result.size());
        len = tree[c.text].deserialize_val(ryml::fmt::base64(strblob)); // returns the needed size
        if(len > result.size()) // the size was not enough; resize and call again
        {
            result.resize(len);
            strblob = {&result[0], result.size()};
            CHECK(strblob.buf == result.data());
            CHECK(strblob.len == result.size());
            len = tree[c.text].deserialize_val(ryml::fmt::base64(strblob)); // returns the needed size
        }
        result.resize(len); // trim to the length of the decoded buffer
        CHECK(result == c.text);
        //
        // Note also these are just syntatic wrappers to simplify client code.
        // You can call into the lower level functions without much effort:
        result.clear(); // this is not needed. We do it just to show that the first call can fail.
        ryml::csubstr encoded = tree[c.text].val();
        CHECK(encoded == c.base64);
        len = base64_decode(encoded, ryml::blob{&result[0], result.size()});
        if(len > result.size()) // the size was not enough; resize and call again
        {
            result.resize(len);
            len = base64_decode(encoded, ryml::blob{&result[0], result.size()});
        }
        result.resize(len); // trim to the length of the decoded buffer
        CHECK(result == c.text);
    }
    // to decode the key base64 and write the result to buf:
    for(const text_and_base64 c : cases)
    {
        // write the decoded result into the given buffer
        tree[c.base64] >> ryml::key(ryml::fmt::base64(buf1)); // cannot know the needed size
        size_t len = tree[c.base64].deserialize_key(ryml::fmt::base64(buf2)); // returns the needed size
        CHECK(len <= buf1.len);
        CHECK(len <= buf2.len);
        CHECK(c.text.len == len);
        CHECK(buf1.first(len) == c.text);
        CHECK(buf2.first(len) == c.text);
        // interop with std::string: using substr
        result.clear(); // this is not needed. We do it just to show that the first call can fail.
        len = tree[c.base64].deserialize_key(ryml::fmt::base64(ryml::to_substr(result))); // returns the needed size
        if(len > result.size()) // the size was not enough; resize and call again
        {
            result.resize(len);
            len = tree[c.base64].deserialize_key(ryml::fmt::base64(ryml::to_substr(result))); // returns the needed size
        }
        result.resize(len); // trim to the length of the decoded buffer
        CHECK(result == c.text);
        //
        // interop with std::string: using blob
        result.clear(); // this is not needed. We do it just to show that the first call can fail.
        ryml::blob strblob = {&result[0], result.size()};
        CHECK(strblob.buf == result.data());
        CHECK(strblob.len == result.size());
        len = tree[c.base64].deserialize_key(ryml::fmt::base64(strblob)); // returns the needed size
        if(len > result.size()) // the size was not enough; resize and call again
        {
            result.resize(len);
            strblob = {&result[0], result.size()};
            CHECK(strblob.buf == result.data());
            CHECK(strblob.len == result.size());
            len = tree[c.base64].deserialize_key(ryml::fmt::base64(strblob)); // returns the needed size
        }
        result.resize(len); // trim to the length of the decoded buffer
        CHECK(result == c.text);
        //
        // Note also these are just syntactic wrappers to simplify client code.
        // You can call into the lower level functions without much effort:
        result.clear(); // this is not needed. We do it just to show that the first call can fail.
        ryml::csubstr encoded = tree[c.base64].key();
        CHECK(encoded == c.base64);
        len = base64_decode(encoded, ryml::blob{&result[0], result.size()});
        if(len > result.size()) // the size was not enough; resize and call again
        {
            result.resize(len);
            len = base64_decode(encoded, ryml::blob{&result[0], result.size()});
        }
        result.resize(len); // trim to the length of the decoded buffer
        CHECK(result == c.text);
    }
    // directly encode variables
    {
        const uint64_t valin = UINT64_C(0xdeadbeef);
        uint64_t valout = 0;
        tree["deadbeef"] << c4::fmt::base64(valin); // sometimes cbase64() is needed to avoid ambiguity
        size_t len = tree["deadbeef"].deserialize_val(ryml::fmt::base64(valout));
        CHECK(len <= sizeof(valout));
        CHECK(valout == UINT64_C(0xdeadbeef)); // base64 roundtrip is bit-accurate
    }
    // directly encode memory ranges
    {
        const uint32_t data_in[11] = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0xdeadbeef};
        uint32_t data_out[11] = {};
        CHECK(memcmp(data_in, data_out, sizeof(data_in)) != 0); // before the roundtrip
        tree["int_data"] << c4::fmt::base64(data_in);
        size_t len = tree["int_data"].deserialize_val(ryml::fmt::base64(data_out));
        CHECK(len <= sizeof(data_out));
        CHECK(memcmp(data_in, data_out, sizeof(data_in)) == 0); // after the roundtrip
    }
}

References c4::yml::NodeRef::append_child(), c4::fmt::base64(), c4::base64_decode(), CHECK, c4::yml::Tree::key(), c4::yml::key(), c4::yml::MAP, c4::yml::Tree::rootref(), c4::yml::Tree::size(), c4::to_substr(), and c4::yml::Tree::val().

sample_user_scalar_types()

void sample::sample_user_scalar_types

(

)

to add scalar types (ie leaf types converting to/from string), define the functions above for those types.

See Serialize/deserialize scalar types.

Definition at line 3507 of file quickstart.cpp.

{
    ryml::Tree t;
 
    auto r = t.rootref();
    r |= ryml::MAP;
 
    vec2<int> v2in{10, 11};
    vec2<int> v2out{1, 2};
    r["v2"] << v2in; // serializes to the tree's arena, and then sets the keyval
    r["v2"] >> v2out;
    CHECK(v2in.x == v2out.x);
    CHECK(v2in.y == v2out.y);
    vec3<int> v3in{100, 101, 102};
    vec3<int> v3out{1, 2, 3};
    r["v3"] << v3in; // serializes to the tree's arena, and then sets the keyval
    r["v3"] >> v3out;
    CHECK(v3in.x == v3out.x);
    CHECK(v3in.y == v3out.y);
    CHECK(v3in.z == v3out.z);
    vec4<int> v4in{1000, 1001, 1002, 1003};
    vec4<int> v4out{1, 2, 3, 4};
    r["v4"] << v4in; // serializes to the tree's arena, and then sets the keyval
    r["v4"] >> v4out;
    CHECK(v4in.x == v4out.x);
    CHECK(v4in.y == v4out.y);
    CHECK(v4in.z == v4out.z);
    CHECK(v4in.w == v4out.w);
    CHECK(ryml::emitrs_yaml<std::string>(t) == R"(v2: '(10,11)'
v3: '(100,101,102)'
v4: '(1000,1001,1002,1003)'
)");
 
    // note that only the used functions are needed:
    //   - if a type is only parsed, then only from_chars() is needed
    //   - if a type is only emitted, then only to_chars() is needed
    emit_only_vec2<int> eov2in{20, 21}; // only has to_chars()
    parse_only_vec2<int> pov2out{1, 2}; // only has from_chars()
    r["v2"] << eov2in; // serializes to the tree's arena, and then sets the keyval
    r["v2"] >> pov2out;
    CHECK(eov2in.x == pov2out.x);
    CHECK(eov2in.y == pov2out.y);
    emit_only_vec3<int> eov3in{30, 31, 32}; // only has to_chars()
    parse_only_vec3<int> pov3out{1, 2, 3}; // only has from_chars()
    r["v3"] << eov3in; // serializes to the tree's arena, and then sets the keyval
    r["v3"] >> pov3out;
    CHECK(eov3in.x == pov3out.x);
    CHECK(eov3in.y == pov3out.y);
    CHECK(eov3in.z == pov3out.z);
    emit_only_vec4<int> eov4in{40, 41, 42, 43}; // only has to_chars()
    parse_only_vec4<int> pov4out{1, 2, 3, 4}; // only has from_chars()
    r["v4"] << eov4in; // serializes to the tree's arena, and then sets the keyval
    r["v4"] >> pov4out;
    CHECK(eov4in.x == pov4out.x);
    CHECK(eov4in.y == pov4out.y);
    CHECK(eov4in.z == pov4out.z);
    CHECK(ryml::emitrs_yaml<std::string>(t) == R"(v2: '(20,21)'
v3: '(30,31,32)'
v4: '(40,41,42,43)'
)");
}

References CHECK, c4::yml::MAP, and c4::yml::Tree::rootref().

sample_user_container_types()

void sample::sample_user_container_types

(

)

shows how to serialize/deserialize container types.

See also

Serialize/deserialize container types

sample_std_types

Definition at line 3703 of file quickstart.cpp.

{
    my_type mt_in{
        {20, 21},
        {30, 31, 32},
        {40, 41, 42, 43},
        {{101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107}},
        {{{1001, 2001}, {1002, 2002}, {1003, 2003}}},
    };
    my_type mt_out;
 
    ryml::Tree t;
    t.rootref() << mt_in;  // read from this
    t.crootref() >> mt_out; // assign here
    CHECK(mt_out.v2.x == mt_in.v2.x);
    CHECK(mt_out.v2.y == mt_in.v2.y);
    CHECK(mt_out.v3.x == mt_in.v3.x);
    CHECK(mt_out.v3.y == mt_in.v3.y);
    CHECK(mt_out.v3.z == mt_in.v3.z);
    CHECK(mt_out.v4.x == mt_in.v4.x);
    CHECK(mt_out.v4.y == mt_in.v4.y);
    CHECK(mt_out.v4.z == mt_in.v4.z);
    CHECK(mt_out.v4.w == mt_in.v4.w);
    CHECK(mt_in.seq.seq_member.size() > 0);
    CHECK(mt_out.seq.seq_member.size() == mt_in.seq.seq_member.size());
    for(size_t i = 0; i < mt_in.seq.seq_member.size(); ++i)
    {
        CHECK(mt_out.seq.seq_member[i] == mt_in.seq.seq_member[i]);
    }
    CHECK(mt_in.map.map_member.size() > 0);
    CHECK(mt_out.map.map_member.size() == mt_in.map.map_member.size());
    for(auto const& kv : mt_in.map.map_member)
    {
        CHECK(mt_out.map.map_member.find(kv.first) != mt_out.map.map_member.end());
        CHECK(mt_out.map.map_member[kv.first] == kv.second);
    }
    CHECK(ryml::emitrs_yaml<std::string>(t) == R"(v2: '(20,21)'
v3: '(30,31,32)'
v4: '(40,41,42,43)'
seq:
  - 101
  - 102
  - 103
  - 104
  - 105
  - 106
  - 107
map:
  1001: 2001
  1002: 2002
  1003: 2003
)");
}

References CHECK, c4::yml::Tree::crootref(), sample::my_type::map, sample::my_map_type< K, V >::map_member, c4::yml::Tree::rootref(), sample::my_type::seq, sample::my_seq_type< T >::seq_member, sample::my_type::v2, sample::my_type::v3, sample::my_type::v4, sample::vec4< T >::w, sample::vec2< T >::x, sample::vec3< T >::x, sample::vec4< T >::x, sample::vec2< T >::y, sample::vec3< T >::y, sample::vec4< T >::y, sample::vec3< T >::z, and sample::vec4< T >::z.

sample_std_types()

void sample::sample_std_types

(

)

demonstrates usage with the std implementations provided by ryml in the ryml_std.hpp header

See also

Serialize/deserialize container types

also the STL section in Serialization/deserialization

Definition at line 3764 of file quickstart.cpp.

{
    std::string yml_std_string = R"(- v2: '(20,21)'
  v3: '(30,31,32)'
  v4: '(40,41,42,43)'
  seq:
    - 101
    - 102
    - 103
    - 104
    - 105
    - 106
    - 107
  map:
    1001: 2001
    1002: 2002
    1003: 2003
- v2: '(120,121)'
  v3: '(130,131,132)'
  v4: '(140,141,142,143)'
  seq:
    - 1101
    - 1102
    - 1103
    - 1104
    - 1105
    - 1106
    - 1107
  map:
    11001: 12001
    11002: 12002
    11003: 12003
- v2: '(220,221)'
  v3: '(230,231,232)'
  v4: '(240,241,242,243)'
  seq:
    - 2101
    - 2102
    - 2103
    - 2104
    - 2105
    - 2106
    - 2107
  map:
    21001: 22001
    21002: 22002
    21003: 22003
)";
    // parse in-place using the std::string above
    ryml::Tree tree = ryml::parse_in_place(ryml::to_substr(yml_std_string));
    // my_type is a container-of-containers type. see above its
    // definition implementation for ryml.
    std::vector<my_type> vmt;
    tree.rootref() >> vmt;
    CHECK(vmt.size() == 3);
    ryml::Tree tree_out;
    tree_out.rootref() << vmt;
    CHECK(ryml::emitrs_yaml<std::string>(tree_out) == yml_std_string);
}

References CHECK, c4::yml::parse_in_place(), c4::yml::Tree::rootref(), and c4::to_substr().

sample_float_precision()

void sample::sample_float_precision

(

)

control precision of serialized floats

Definition at line 3828 of file quickstart.cpp.

{
    std::vector<double> reference{1.23234412342131234, 2.12323123143434237, 3.67847983572591234};
    // A safe precision for comparing doubles. May vary depending on
    // compiler flags. Double goes to about 15 digits, so 14 should be
    // safe enough for this test to succeed.
    const double precision_safe = 1.e-14;
    const size_t num_digits_safe = 14;
    const size_t num_digits_original = 17;
    auto get_num_digits = [](ryml::csubstr number){ return number.sub(2).len; };
    //
    // no significant precision is lost when reading
    // floating point numbers:
    {
        ryml::Tree tree = ryml::parse_in_arena(R"([1.23234412342131234, 2.12323123143434237, 3.67847983572591234])");
        std::vector<double> output;
        tree.rootref() >> output;
        CHECK(output.size() == reference.size());
        for(size_t i = 0; i < reference.size(); ++i)
        {
            CHECK(get_num_digits(tree[(ryml::id_type)i].val()) == num_digits_original);
            CHECK(fabs(output[i] - reference[i]) < precision_safe);
        }
    }
    //
    // However, depending on the compilation settings, there may be a
    // significant precision loss when serializing with the default
    // approach, operator<<(double):
    {
        ryml::Tree serialized;
        serialized.rootref() << reference;
        std::cout << serialized;
        // Without std::to_chars() there is a loss of precision:
        #if (!C4CORE_HAVE_STD_TOCHARS) // This macro is defined when std::to_chars() is available.
        CHECK(ryml::emitrs_yaml<std::string>(serialized) == R"(- 1.23234
- 2.12323
- 3.67848
)" || (bool)"this is indicative; the exact results will vary from platform to platform.");
        C4_UNUSED(num_digits_safe);
        #else  // ... but when using C++17 and above, the results are eminently equal:
        CHECK((ryml::emitrs_yaml<std::string>(serialized) == R"(- 1.2323441234213124
- 2.1232312314343424
- 3.6784798357259123
)") || (bool)"this is indicative; the exact results will vary from platform to platform.");
        size_t pos = 0;
        for(ryml::ConstNodeRef child : serialized.rootref().children())
        {
            CHECK(get_num_digits(child.val()) >= num_digits_safe);
            double out = {};
            child >> out;
            CHECK(fabs(out - reference[pos++]) < precision_safe);
        }
        #endif
    }
    //
    // The difference is explained by the availability of
    // fastfloat::from_chars(), std::from_chars() and std::to_chars().
    //
    // ryml prefers the fastfloat::from_chars() version. Unfortunately
    // fastfloat does not have to_chars() (see
    // https://github.com/fastfloat/fast_float/issues/23).
    //
    // When C++17 is used, ryml uses std::to_chars(), which produces
    // good defaults.
    //
    // However, with earlier standards, or in some library
    // implementations, there's only snprintf() available. Every other
    // std library function will either disrespect the string limits,
    // or more precisely, accept no string size limits. So the
    // implementation of c4core (which ryml uses) falls back to
    // snprintf("%g"), and that picks by default a (low) number of
    // digits.
    //
    // But all is not lost for C++11/C++14 users!
    //
    // To force a particular precision when serializing, you can use
    // c4::fmt::real() (brought into the ryml:: namespace). Or you can
    // serialize the number yourself! The small downside is that you
    // have to build the container.
    //
    // First a function to check the result:
    auto check_precision = [&](ryml::Tree serialized){
        std::cout << serialized;
        // now it works!
        CHECK((ryml::emitrs_yaml<std::string>(serialized) == R"(- 1.23234412342131239
- 2.12323123143434245
- 3.67847983572591231
)") || (bool)"this is indicative; the exact results will vary from platform to platform.");
        size_t pos = 0;
        for(ryml::ConstNodeRef child : serialized.rootref().children())
        {
            CHECK(get_num_digits(child.val()) == num_digits_original);
            double out = {};
            child >> out;
            CHECK(fabs(out - reference[pos++]) < precision_safe);
        }
    };
    //
    // Serialization example using fmt::real()
    {
        ryml::Tree serialized;
        ryml::NodeRef root = serialized.rootref();
        root |= ryml::SEQ;
        for(const double v : reference)
            root.append_child() << ryml::fmt::real(v, num_digits_original, ryml::FTOA_FLOAT);
        check_precision(serialized); // OK - now within bounds!
    }
    //
    // Serialization example using snprintf
    {
        ryml::Tree serialized;
        ryml::NodeRef root = serialized.rootref();
        root |= ryml::SEQ;
        char tmp[64];
        for(const double v : reference)
        {
            // reuse a buffer to serialize.
            // add 1 to the significant digits because the %g
            // specifier counts the integral digits.
            (void)snprintf(tmp, sizeof(tmp), "%.18g", v);
            // copy the serialized string to the tree (operator<<
            // copies to the arena, operator= just assigns the string
            // pointer and would be wrong in this case):
            root.append_child() << ryml::to_csubstr((const char*)tmp);
        }
        check_precision(serialized); // OK - now within bounds!
    }
}

References c4::yml::NodeRef::append_child(), CHECK, c4::yml::detail::RoNodeMethods< Impl, ConstImpl >::children(), c4::FTOA_FLOAT, c4::yml::parse_in_arena(), c4::fmt::real(), c4::yml::Tree::rootref(), c4::yml::SEQ, and c4::to_csubstr().

sample_emit_to_container()

void sample::sample_emit_to_container

(

)

demonstrates how to emit to a linear container of char

Definition at line 3961 of file quickstart.cpp.

{
    // it is possible to emit to any linear container of char.
 
    ryml::csubstr ymla = "- 1\n- 2\n";
    ryml::csubstr ymlb = R"(- a
- b
- x0: 1
  x1: 2
- champagne: Dom Perignon
  coffee: Arabica
  more:
    vinho verde: Soalheiro
    vinho tinto: Redoma 2017
  beer:
    - Rochefort 10
    - Busch
    - Leffe Rituel
- foo
- bar
- baz
- bat
)";
    auto treea = ryml::parse_in_arena(ymla);
    auto treeb = ryml::parse_in_arena(ymlb);
 
    // eg, std::vector<char>
    {
        // do a blank call on an empty buffer to find the required size.
        // no overflow will occur, and returns a substr with the size
        // required to output
        ryml::csubstr output = ryml::emit_yaml(treea, treea.root_id(), ryml::substr{}, /*error_on_excess*/false);
        CHECK(output.str == nullptr);
        CHECK(output.len > 0);
        size_t num_needed_chars = output.len;
        std::vector<char> buf(num_needed_chars);
        // now try again with the proper buffer
        output = ryml::emit_yaml(treea, treea.root_id(), ryml::to_substr(buf), /*error_on_excess*/true);
        CHECK(output == ymla);
 
        // it is possible to reuse the buffer and grow it as needed.
        // first do a blank run to find the size:
        output = ryml::emit_yaml(treeb, treeb.root_id(), ryml::substr{}, /*error_on_excess*/false);
        CHECK(output.str == nullptr);
        CHECK(output.len > 0);
        CHECK(output.len == ymlb.len);
        num_needed_chars = output.len;
        buf.resize(num_needed_chars);
        // now try again with the proper buffer
        output = ryml::emit_yaml(treeb, treeb.root_id(), ryml::to_substr(buf), /*error_on_excess*/true);
        CHECK(output == ymlb);
 
        // there is a convenience wrapper performing the same as above:
        // provided to_substr() is defined for that container.
        output = ryml::emitrs_yaml(treeb, &buf);
        CHECK(output == ymlb);
 
        // or you can just output a new container:
        // provided to_substr() is defined for that container.
        std::vector<char> another = ryml::emitrs_yaml<std::vector<char>>(treeb);
        CHECK(ryml::to_csubstr(another) == ymlb);
 
        // you can also emit nested nodes:
        another = ryml::emitrs_yaml<std::vector<char>>(treeb[3][2]);
        CHECK(ryml::to_csubstr(another) == R"(more:
  vinho verde: Soalheiro
  vinho tinto: Redoma 2017
)");
    }
 
 
    // eg, std::string. notice this is the same code as above
    {
        // do a blank call on an empty buffer to find the required size.
        // no overflow will occur, and returns a substr with the size
        // required to output
        ryml::csubstr output = ryml::emit_yaml(treea, treea.root_id(), ryml::substr{}, /*error_on_excess*/false);
        CHECK(output.str == nullptr);
        CHECK(output.len > 0);
        size_t num_needed_chars = output.len;
        std::string buf;
        buf.resize(num_needed_chars);
        // now try again with the proper buffer
        output = ryml::emit_yaml(treea, treea.root_id(), ryml::to_substr(buf), /*error_on_excess*/true);
        CHECK(output == ymla);
 
        // it is possible to reuse the buffer and grow it as needed.
        // first do a blank run to find the size:
        output = ryml::emit_yaml(treeb, treeb.root_id(), ryml::substr{}, /*error_on_excess*/false);
        CHECK(output.str == nullptr);
        CHECK(output.len > 0);
        CHECK(output.len == ymlb.len);
        num_needed_chars = output.len;
        buf.resize(num_needed_chars);
        // now try again with the proper buffer
        output = ryml::emit_yaml(treeb, treeb.root_id(), ryml::to_substr(buf), /*error_on_excess*/true);
        CHECK(output == ymlb);
 
        // there is a convenience wrapper performing the above instructions:
        // provided to_substr() is defined for that container
        output = ryml::emitrs_yaml(treeb, &buf);
        CHECK(output == ymlb);
 
        // or you can just output a new container:
        // provided to_substr() is defined for that container.
        std::string another = ryml::emitrs_yaml<std::string>(treeb);
        CHECK(ryml::to_csubstr(another) == ymlb);
 
        // you can also emit nested nodes:
        another = ryml::emitrs_yaml<std::string>(treeb[3][2]);
        CHECK(ryml::to_csubstr(another) == R"(more:
  vinho verde: Soalheiro
  vinho tinto: Redoma 2017
)");
    }
}

References CHECK, c4::yml::emit_yaml(), c4::yml::emitrs_yaml(), c4::yml::parse_in_arena(), c4::to_csubstr(), and c4::to_substr().

sample_emit_to_stream()

void sample::sample_emit_to_stream

(

)

demonstrates how to emit to a stream-like structure

Definition at line 4082 of file quickstart.cpp.

{
    ryml::csubstr ymlb = R"(- a
- b
- x0: 1
  x1: 2
- champagne: Dom Perignon
  coffee: Arabica
  more:
    vinho verde: Soalheiro
    vinho tinto: Redoma 2017
  beer:
    - Rochefort 10
    - Busch
    - Leffe Rituel
- foo
- bar
- baz
- bat
)";
    auto tree = ryml::parse_in_arena(ymlb);
 
    std::string s;
 
    // emit a full tree
    {
        std::stringstream ss;
        ss << tree; // works with any stream having .operator<<() and .write()
        s = ss.str();
        CHECK(ryml::to_csubstr(s) == ymlb);
    }
 
    // emit a full tree as json
    {
        std::stringstream ss;
        ss << ryml::as_json(tree); // works with any stream having .operator<<() and .write()
        s = ss.str();
        CHECK(ryml::to_csubstr(s) == R"(["a","b",{"x0": 1,"x1": 2},{"champagne": "Dom Perignon","coffee": "Arabica","more": {"vinho verde": "Soalheiro","vinho tinto": "Redoma 2017"},"beer": ["Rochefort 10","Busch","Leffe Rituel"]},"foo","bar","baz","bat"])");
    }
 
    // emit a nested node
    {
        std::stringstream ss;
        ss << tree[3][2]; // works with any stream having .operator<<() and .write()
        s = ss.str();
        CHECK(ryml::to_csubstr(s) == R"(more:
  vinho verde: Soalheiro
  vinho tinto: Redoma 2017
)");
    }
 
    // emit a nested node as json
    {
        std::stringstream ss;
        ss << ryml::as_json(tree[3][2]); // works with any stream having .operator<<() and .write()
        s = ss.str();
        CHECK(ryml::to_csubstr(s) == R"("more": {"vinho verde": "Soalheiro","vinho tinto": "Redoma 2017"})");
    }
}

References CHECK, c4::yml::parse_in_arena(), and c4::to_csubstr().

sample_emit_to_file()

void sample::sample_emit_to_file

(

)

demonstrates how to emit to a FILE*

Definition at line 4146 of file quickstart.cpp.

{
    ryml::csubstr yml = R"(- a
- b
- x0: 1
  x1: 2
- champagne: Dom Perignon
  coffee: Arabica
  more:
    vinho verde: Soalheiro
    vinho tinto: Redoma 2017
  beer:
    - Rochefort 10
    - Busch
    - Leffe Rituel
- foo
- bar
- baz
- bat
)";
    auto tree = ryml::parse_in_arena(yml);
    // this is emitting to stdout, but of course you can pass in any
    // FILE* obtained from fopen()
    size_t len = ryml::emit_yaml(tree, tree.root_id(), stdout);
    // the return value is the number of characters that were written
    // to the file
    CHECK(len == yml.len);
}

References CHECK, c4::yml::emit_yaml(), and c4::yml::parse_in_arena().

sample_emit_nested_node()

void sample::sample_emit_nested_node

(

)

just like parsing into a nested node, you can also emit from a nested node.

Definition at line 4179 of file quickstart.cpp.

{
    const ryml::Tree tree = ryml::parse_in_arena(R"(- a
- b
- x0: 1
  x1: 2
- champagne: Dom Perignon
  coffee: Arabica
  more:
    vinho verde: Soalheiro
    vinho tinto: Redoma 2017
  beer:
    - Rochefort 10
    - Busch
    - Leffe Rituel
    - - and so
      - many other
      - wonderful beers
- more
- seq
- members
- here
)");
    CHECK(ryml::emitrs_yaml<std::string>(tree[3]["beer"]) == R"(beer:
  - Rochefort 10
  - Busch
  - Leffe Rituel
  - - and so
    - many other
    - wonderful beers
)");
    CHECK(ryml::emitrs_yaml<std::string>(tree[3]["beer"][0]) == "Rochefort 10\n");
    CHECK(ryml::emitrs_yaml<std::string>(tree[3]["beer"][3]) == R"(- and so
- many other
- wonderful beers
)");
}

References CHECK, and c4::yml::parse_in_arena().

sample_emit_style()

void sample::sample_emit_style

(

)

[experimental] pick flow/block style for certain nodes.

Definition at line 4221 of file quickstart.cpp.

{
    ryml::Tree tree = ryml::parse_in_arena(R"(
NodeOne:
  - key: a
    desc: b
    class: c
    number: d
  - key: e
    desc: f
    class: g
    number: h
  - key: i
    desc: j
    class: k
    number: l
)");
    // ryml uses block style by default:
    CHECK(ryml::emitrs_yaml<std::string>(tree) == R"(NodeOne:
  - key: a
    desc: b
    class: c
    number: d
  - key: e
    desc: f
    class: g
    number: h
  - key: i
    desc: j
    class: k
    number: l
)");
    // you can override the emit style of individual nodes:
    for(ryml::NodeRef child : tree["NodeOne"].children())
        child |= ryml::FLOW_SL; // flow, single-line
    CHECK(ryml::emitrs_yaml<std::string>(tree) == R"(NodeOne:
  - {key: a,desc: b,class: c,number: d}
  - {key: e,desc: f,class: g,number: h}
  - {key: i,desc: j,class: k,number: l}
)");
    tree["NodeOne"] |= ryml::FLOW_SL;
    CHECK(ryml::emitrs_yaml<std::string>(tree) == R"(NodeOne: [{key: a,desc: b,class: c,number: d},{key: e,desc: f,class: g,number: h},{key: i,desc: j,class: k,number: l}]
)");
    tree.rootref() |= ryml::FLOW_SL;
    CHECK(ryml::emitrs_yaml<std::string>(tree) == R"({NodeOne: [{key: a,desc: b,class: c,number: d},{key: e,desc: f,class: g,number: h},{key: i,desc: j,class: k,number: l}]})");
}

References CHECK, c4::yml::FLOW_SL, c4::yml::parse_in_arena(), and c4::yml::Tree::rootref().

sample_json()

void sample::sample_json

(

)

shows how to parse and emit JSON.

Definition at line 4273 of file quickstart.cpp.

{
    ryml::csubstr json = R"({
  "doe":"a deer, a female deer",
  "ray":"a drop of golden sun",
  "me":"a name, I call myself",
  "far":"a long long way to go"
})";
    // Since JSON is a subset of YAML, parsing JSON is just the
    // same as YAML:
    ryml::Tree tree = ryml::parse_in_arena(json);
    // If you are sure the source is valid json, you can use the
    // appropriate parse_json overload, which is faster because json
    // has a smaller grammar:
    ryml::Tree json_tree = ryml::parse_json_in_arena(json);
    // to emit JSON, use the proper overload:
    CHECK(ryml::emitrs_json<std::string>(tree) == R"({"doe": "a deer, a female deer","ray": "a drop of golden sun","me": "a name, I call myself","far": "a long long way to go"})");
    CHECK(ryml::emitrs_json<std::string>(json_tree) == R"({"doe": "a deer, a female deer","ray": "a drop of golden sun","me": "a name, I call myself","far": "a long long way to go"})");
    // to emit JSON to a stream:
    std::stringstream ss;
    ss << ryml::as_json(tree);  // <- mark it like this
    CHECK(ss.str() == R"({"doe": "a deer, a female deer","ray": "a drop of golden sun","me": "a name, I call myself","far": "a long long way to go"})");
    // Note the following limitations:
    //
    // - YAML streams cannot be emitted as json, and are not
    //   allowed. But you can work around this by emitting the
    //   individual documents separately; see the sample_docs()
    //   below for such an example.
    //
    // - tags cannot be emitted as json, and are not allowed.
    //
    // - anchors and references cannot be emitted as json and
    //   are not allowed.
}

References CHECK, c4::yml::parse_in_arena(), and c4::yml::parse_json_in_arena().

sample_anchors_and_aliases()

void sample::sample_anchors_and_aliases

(

)

demonstrates usage with anchors and alias references.

Note that dereferencing is opt-in; after parsing, you have to call Tree::resolve() explicitly if you want resolved references in the tree. This method will resolve all references and substitute the anchored values in place of the reference.

The Tree::resolve() method first does a full traversal of the tree to gather all anchors and references in a separate collection, then it goes through that collection to locate the names, which it does by obeying the YAML standard diktat that

an alias node refers to the most recent node in
the serialization having the specified anchor

So, depending on the number of anchor/alias nodes, this is a potentially expensive operation, with a best-case linear complexity (from the initial traversal) and a worst-case quadratic complexity (if every node has an alias/anchor). This potential cost is the reason for requiring an explicit call to Tree::resolve().

Definition at line 4331 of file quickstart.cpp.

{
    std::string unresolved = R"(base: &base
  name: Everyone has same name
foo: &foo
  <<: *base
  age: 10
bar: &bar
  <<: *base
  age: 20
bill_to: &id001
  street: |-
    123 Tornado Alley
    Suite 16
  city: East Centerville
  state: KS
ship_to: *id001
&keyref key: &valref val
*valref : *keyref
)";
    std::string resolved = R"(base:
  name: Everyone has same name
foo:
  name: Everyone has same name
  age: 10
bar:
  name: Everyone has same name
  age: 20
bill_to:
  street: |-
    123 Tornado Alley
    Suite 16
  city: East Centerville
  state: KS
ship_to:
  street: |-
    123 Tornado Alley
    Suite 16
  city: East Centerville
  state: KS
key: val
val: key
)";
 
    ryml::Tree tree = ryml::parse_in_arena(ryml::to_csubstr(unresolved));
    // by default, references are not resolved when parsing:
    CHECK( ! tree["base"].has_key_anchor());
    CHECK(   tree["base"].has_val_anchor());
    CHECK(   tree["base"].val_anchor() == "base");
    CHECK(   tree["key"].key_anchor() == "keyref");
    CHECK(   tree["key"].val_anchor() == "valref");
    CHECK(   tree["*valref"].is_key_ref());
    CHECK(   tree["*valref"].is_val_ref());
    CHECK(   tree["*valref"].key_ref() == "valref");
    CHECK(   tree["*valref"].val_ref() == "keyref");
 
    // to resolve references, simply call tree.resolve(),
    // which will perform the reference instantiations:
    tree.resolve();
 
    // all the anchors and references are substistuted and then removed:
    CHECK( ! tree["base"].has_key_anchor());
    CHECK( ! tree["base"].has_val_anchor());
    CHECK( ! tree["base"].has_val_anchor());
    CHECK( ! tree["key"].has_key_anchor());
    CHECK( ! tree["key"].has_val_anchor());
    CHECK( ! tree["val"].is_key_ref()); // notice *valref is now turned to val
    CHECK( ! tree["val"].is_val_ref()); // notice *valref is now turned to val
 
    CHECK(tree["ship_to"]["city"].val() == "East Centerville");
    CHECK(tree["ship_to"]["state"].val() == "KS");
}

References CHECK, c4::yml::parse_in_arena(), c4::yml::Tree::resolve(), and c4::to_csubstr().

sample_tags()

void sample::sample_tags

(

)

Definition at line 4407 of file quickstart.cpp.

{
    const std::string yaml = R"(--- !!map
a: 0
b: 1
--- !map
a: b
--- !!seq
- a
- b
--- !!str a b
--- !!str 'a: b'
---
!!str a: b
--- !!set
? a
? b
--- !!set
a:
--- !!seq
- !!int 0
- !!str 1
)";
    const ryml::Tree tree = ryml::parse_in_arena(ryml::to_csubstr(yaml));
    const ryml::ConstNodeRef root = tree.rootref();
    CHECK(root.is_stream());
    CHECK(root.num_children() == 9);
    for(ryml::ConstNodeRef doc : root.children())
        CHECK(doc.is_doc());
    // tags are kept verbatim from the source:
    CHECK(root[0].has_val_tag());
    CHECK(root[0].val_tag() == "!!map"); // valid only if the node has a val tag
    CHECK(root[1].val_tag() == "!map");
    CHECK(root[2].val_tag() == "!!seq");
    CHECK(root[3].val_tag() == "!!str");
    CHECK(root[4].val_tag() == "!!str");
    CHECK(root[5]["a"].has_key_tag());
    CHECK(root[5]["a"].key_tag() == "!!str"); // valid only if the node has a key tag
    CHECK(root[6].val_tag() == "!!set");
    CHECK(root[7].val_tag() == "!!set");
    CHECK(root[8].val_tag() == "!!seq");
    CHECK(root[8][0].val_tag() == "!!int");
    CHECK(root[8][1].val_tag() == "!!str");
    // ryml also provides a complete toolbox to deal with tags.
    // there is an enumeration for the standard YAML tags:
    CHECK(ryml::to_tag("!map") == ryml::TAG_NONE);
    CHECK(ryml::to_tag("!!map") == ryml::TAG_MAP);
    CHECK(ryml::to_tag("!!seq") == ryml::TAG_SEQ);
    CHECK(ryml::to_tag("!!str") == ryml::TAG_STR);
    CHECK(ryml::to_tag("!!int") == ryml::TAG_INT);
    CHECK(ryml::to_tag("!!set") == ryml::TAG_SET);
    // given a tag enum, you can fetch the short tag string:
    CHECK(ryml::from_tag(ryml::TAG_NONE) == "");
    CHECK(ryml::from_tag(ryml::TAG_MAP) == "!!map");
    CHECK(ryml::from_tag(ryml::TAG_SEQ) == "!!seq");
    CHECK(ryml::from_tag(ryml::TAG_STR) == "!!str");
    CHECK(ryml::from_tag(ryml::TAG_INT) == "!!int");
    CHECK(ryml::from_tag(ryml::TAG_SET) == "!!set");
    // you can also fetch the long tag string:
    CHECK(ryml::from_tag_long(ryml::TAG_NONE) == "");
    CHECK(ryml::from_tag_long(ryml::TAG_MAP) == "<tag:yaml.org,2002:map>");
    CHECK(ryml::from_tag_long(ryml::TAG_SEQ) == "<tag:yaml.org,2002:seq>");
    CHECK(ryml::from_tag_long(ryml::TAG_STR) == "<tag:yaml.org,2002:str>");
    CHECK(ryml::from_tag_long(ryml::TAG_INT) == "<tag:yaml.org,2002:int>");
    CHECK(ryml::from_tag_long(ryml::TAG_SET) == "<tag:yaml.org,2002:set>");
    // and likewise:
    CHECK(ryml::to_tag("!map") == ryml::TAG_NONE);
    CHECK(ryml::to_tag("<tag:yaml.org,2002:map>") == ryml::TAG_MAP);
    CHECK(ryml::to_tag("<tag:yaml.org,2002:seq>") == ryml::TAG_SEQ);
    CHECK(ryml::to_tag("<tag:yaml.org,2002:str>") == ryml::TAG_STR);
    CHECK(ryml::to_tag("<tag:yaml.org,2002:int>") == ryml::TAG_INT);
    CHECK(ryml::to_tag("<tag:yaml.org,2002:set>") == ryml::TAG_SET);
    // to normalize a tag as much as possible, use normalize_tag():
    CHECK(ryml::normalize_tag("!!map") == "!!map");
    CHECK(ryml::normalize_tag("!<tag:yaml.org,2002:map>") == "!!map");
    CHECK(ryml::normalize_tag("<tag:yaml.org,2002:map>") == "!!map");
    CHECK(ryml::normalize_tag("tag:yaml.org,2002:map") == "!!map");
    CHECK(ryml::normalize_tag("!<!!map>") == "<!!map>");
    CHECK(ryml::normalize_tag("!map") == "!map");
    CHECK(ryml::normalize_tag("!my!foo") == "!my!foo");
    // and also for the long form:
    CHECK(ryml::normalize_tag_long("!!map") == "<tag:yaml.org,2002:map>");
    CHECK(ryml::normalize_tag_long("!<tag:yaml.org,2002:map>") == "<tag:yaml.org,2002:map>");
    CHECK(ryml::normalize_tag_long("<tag:yaml.org,2002:map>") == "<tag:yaml.org,2002:map>");
    CHECK(ryml::normalize_tag_long("tag:yaml.org,2002:map") == "<tag:yaml.org,2002:map>");
    CHECK(ryml::normalize_tag_long("!<!!map>") == "<!!map>");
    CHECK(ryml::normalize_tag_long("!map") == "!map");
    // The tree provides the following methods applying to every node
    // with a key and/or val tag:
    ryml::Tree normalized_tree = tree;
    normalized_tree.normalize_tags(); // normalize all tags in short form
    CHECK(ryml::emitrs_yaml<std::string>(normalized_tree) == R"(--- !!map
a: 0
b: 1
--- !map
a: b
--- !!seq
- a
- b
--- !!str a b
--- !!str 'a: b'
---
!!str a: b
--- !!set
a: 
b: 
--- !!set
a: 
--- !!seq
- !!int 0
- !!str 1
)");
    ryml::Tree normalized_tree_long = tree;
    normalized_tree_long.normalize_tags_long(); // normalize all tags in short form
    CHECK(ryml::emitrs_yaml<std::string>(normalized_tree_long) == R"(--- !<tag:yaml.org,2002:map>
a: 0
b: 1
--- !map
a: b
--- !<tag:yaml.org,2002:seq>
- a
- b
--- !<tag:yaml.org,2002:str> a b
--- !<tag:yaml.org,2002:str> 'a: b'
---
!<tag:yaml.org,2002:str> a: b
--- !<tag:yaml.org,2002:set>
a: 
b: 
--- !<tag:yaml.org,2002:set>
a: 
--- !<tag:yaml.org,2002:seq>
- !<tag:yaml.org,2002:int> 0
- !<tag:yaml.org,2002:str> 1
)");
}

References CHECK, c4::yml::detail::RoNodeMethods< Impl, ConstImpl >::children(), c4::yml::from_tag(), c4::yml::from_tag_long(), c4::yml::detail::RoNodeMethods< Impl, ConstImpl >::is_stream(), c4::yml::normalize_tag(), c4::yml::normalize_tag_long(), c4::yml::Tree::normalize_tags(), c4::yml::Tree::normalize_tags_long(), c4::yml::detail::RoNodeMethods< Impl, ConstImpl >::num_children(), c4::yml::parse_in_arena(), c4::yml::Tree::rootref(), c4::yml::TAG_INT, c4::yml::TAG_MAP, c4::yml::TAG_NONE, c4::yml::TAG_SEQ, c4::yml::TAG_SET, c4::yml::TAG_STR, c4::to_csubstr(), and c4::yml::to_tag().

sample_tag_directives()

void sample::sample_tag_directives

(

)

Definition at line 4547 of file quickstart.cpp.

{
    const std::string yaml = R"(
%TAG !m! !my-
--- # Bulb here
!m!light fluorescent
...
%TAG !m! !meta-
--- # Color here
!m!light green
)";
    ryml::Tree tree = ryml::parse_in_arena(ryml::to_csubstr(yaml));
    CHECK(ryml::emitrs_yaml<std::string>(tree) == R"(%TAG !m! !my-
--- !m!light fluorescent
...
%TAG !m! !meta-
--- !m!light green
)");
    // tags are not resolved by default. Use .resolve_tags() to
    // accomplish this:
    tree.resolve_tags();
    CHECK(ryml::emitrs_yaml<std::string>(tree) == R"(%TAG !m! !my-
--- !<!my-light> fluorescent
...
%TAG !m! !meta-
--- !<!meta-light> green
)");
    // see also tree.normalize_tags()
    // see also tree.normalize_tags_long()
}

References CHECK, c4::yml::parse_in_arena(), c4::yml::Tree::resolve_tags(), and c4::to_csubstr().

sample_docs()

void sample::sample_docs

(

)

Definition at line 4581 of file quickstart.cpp.

{
    std::string yml = R"(---
a: 0
b: 1
---
c: 2
d: 3
---
- 4
- 5
- 6
- 7
)";
    ryml::Tree tree = ryml::parse_in_place(ryml::to_substr(yml));
    CHECK(ryml::emitrs_yaml<std::string>(tree) == yml);
 
    // iteration through docs
    {
        // using the node API
        const ryml::ConstNodeRef stream = tree.rootref();
        CHECK(stream.is_root());
        CHECK(stream.is_stream());
        CHECK(!stream.is_doc());
        CHECK(stream.num_children() == 3);
        for(const ryml::ConstNodeRef doc : stream.children())
            CHECK(doc.is_doc());
        CHECK(tree.docref(0).id() == stream.child(0).id());
        CHECK(tree.docref(1).id() == stream.child(1).id());
        CHECK(tree.docref(2).id() == stream.child(2).id());
        // equivalent: using the lower level index API
        const ryml::id_type stream_id = tree.root_id();
        CHECK(tree.is_root(stream_id));
        CHECK(tree.is_stream(stream_id));
        CHECK(!tree.is_doc(stream_id));
        CHECK(tree.num_children(stream_id) == 3);
        for(ryml::id_type doc_id = tree.first_child(stream_id); doc_id != ryml::NONE; doc_id = tree.next_sibling(stream_id))
            CHECK(tree.is_doc(doc_id));
        CHECK(tree.doc(0) == tree.child(stream_id, 0));
        CHECK(tree.doc(1) == tree.child(stream_id, 1));
        CHECK(tree.doc(2) == tree.child(stream_id, 2));
 
        // using the node API
        CHECK(stream[0].is_doc());
        CHECK(stream[0].is_map());
        CHECK(stream[0]["a"].val() == "0");
        CHECK(stream[0]["b"].val() == "1");
        // equivalent: using the index API
        const ryml::id_type doc0_id = tree.first_child(stream_id);
        CHECK(tree.is_doc(doc0_id));
        CHECK(tree.is_map(doc0_id));
        CHECK(tree.val(tree.find_child(doc0_id, "a")) == "0");
        CHECK(tree.val(tree.find_child(doc0_id, "b")) == "1");
 
        // using the node API
        CHECK(stream[1].is_doc());
        CHECK(stream[1].is_map());
        CHECK(stream[1]["c"].val() == "2");
        CHECK(stream[1]["d"].val() == "3");
        // equivalent: using the index API
        const ryml::id_type doc1_id = tree.next_sibling(doc0_id);
        CHECK(tree.is_doc(doc1_id));
        CHECK(tree.is_map(doc1_id));
        CHECK(tree.val(tree.find_child(doc1_id, "c")) == "2");
        CHECK(tree.val(tree.find_child(doc1_id, "d")) == "3");
 
        // using the node API
        CHECK(stream[2].is_doc());
        CHECK(stream[2].is_seq());
        CHECK(stream[2][0].val() == "4");
        CHECK(stream[2][1].val() == "5");
        CHECK(stream[2][2].val() == "6");
        CHECK(stream[2][3].val() == "7");
        // equivalent: using the index API
        const ryml::id_type doc2_id = tree.next_sibling(doc1_id);
        CHECK(tree.is_doc(doc2_id));
        CHECK(tree.is_seq(doc2_id));
        CHECK(tree.val(tree.child(doc2_id, 0)) == "4");
        CHECK(tree.val(tree.child(doc2_id, 1)) == "5");
        CHECK(tree.val(tree.child(doc2_id, 2)) == "6");
        CHECK(tree.val(tree.child(doc2_id, 3)) == "7");
    }
 
    // Note: since json does not have streams, you cannot emit the above
    // tree as json when you start from the root:
    //CHECK(ryml::emitrs_json<std::string>(tree) == yml); // RUNTIME ERROR!
 
    // emitting streams as json is not possible, but
    // you can iterate through individual documents and emit
    // them separately:
    {
        const std::string expected_json[] = {
            R"({"a": 0,"b": 1})",
            R"({"c": 2,"d": 3})",
            R"([4,5,6,7])",
        };
        // using the node API
        {
            ryml::id_type count = 0;
            const ryml::ConstNodeRef stream = tree.rootref();
            CHECK(stream.num_children() == (ryml::id_type)C4_COUNTOF(expected_json));
            for(ryml::ConstNodeRef doc : stream.children())
                CHECK(ryml::emitrs_json<std::string>(doc) == expected_json[count++]);
        }
        // equivalent: using the index API
        {
            ryml::id_type count = 0;
            const ryml::id_type stream_id = tree.root_id();
            CHECK(tree.num_children(stream_id) == (ryml::id_type)C4_COUNTOF(expected_json));
            for(ryml::id_type doc_id = tree.first_child(stream_id); doc_id != ryml::NONE; doc_id = tree.next_sibling(doc_id))
                CHECK(ryml::emitrs_json<std::string>(tree, doc_id) == expected_json[count++]);
        }
    }
}

References CHECK, c4::yml::Tree::child(), c4::yml::detail::RoNodeMethods< Impl, ConstImpl >::child(), c4::yml::detail::RoNodeMethods< Impl, ConstImpl >::children(), c4::yml::Tree::doc(), c4::yml::Tree::docref(), c4::yml::Tree::find_child(), c4::yml::Tree::first_child(), c4::yml::NodeRef::id(), c4::yml::detail::RoNodeMethods< Impl, ConstImpl >::is_doc(), c4::yml::Tree::is_doc(), c4::yml::Tree::is_map(), c4::yml::detail::RoNodeMethods< Impl, ConstImpl >::is_root(), c4::yml::Tree::is_root(), c4::yml::Tree::is_seq(), c4::yml::detail::RoNodeMethods< Impl, ConstImpl >::is_stream(), c4::yml::Tree::is_stream(), c4::yml::Tree::next_sibling(), c4::yml::NONE, c4::yml::detail::RoNodeMethods< Impl, ConstImpl >::num_children(), c4::yml::Tree::num_children(), c4::yml::parse_in_place(), c4::yml::Tree::root_id(), c4::yml::Tree::rootref(), c4::to_substr(), and c4::yml::Tree::val().

sample_error_handler()

void sample::sample_error_handler

(

)

demonstrates how to set a custom error handler for ryml

Definition at line 4717 of file quickstart.cpp.

{
    ErrorHandlerExample errh;
 
    // set a global error handler. Note the error callback must never
    // return: it must either throw an exception, use setjmp() and
    // longjmp(), or abort. Otherwise, the parser will enter into an
    // infinite loop, or the program may crash.
    ryml::set_callbacks(errh.callbacks());
    errh.check_effect(/*committed*/true);
    CHECK(errh.check_error_occurs([&]{
        ryml::Tree tree = ryml::parse_in_arena("errorhandler.yml", "[a: b\n}");
    }));
    ryml::set_callbacks(errh.defaults); // restore defaults.
    errh.check_effect(/*committed*/false);
}

References sample::ErrorHandlerExample::callbacks(), CHECK, sample::ErrorHandlerExample::check_effect(), sample::ErrorHandlerExample::check_error_occurs(), sample::ErrorHandlerExample::defaults, and c4::yml::set_callbacks().

sample_global_allocator()

void sample::sample_global_allocator

(

)

demonstrates how to set the global allocator for ryml

Definition at line 4829 of file quickstart.cpp.

{
    GlobalAllocatorExample mem;
 
    // save the existing callbacks for restoring
    ryml::Callbacks defaults = ryml::get_callbacks();
 
    // set to our callbacks
    ryml::set_callbacks(mem.callbacks());
 
    // verify that the allocator is in effect
    ryml::Callbacks const& current = ryml::get_callbacks();
    CHECK(current.m_allocate == &mem.s_allocate);
    CHECK(current.m_free == &mem.s_free);
 
    // so far nothing was allocated
    CHECK(mem.alloc_size == 0);
 
    // parse one tree and check
    (void)ryml::parse_in_arena(R"({foo: bar})");
    mem.check_and_reset();
 
    // parse another tree and check
    (void)ryml::parse_in_arena(R"([a, b, c, d, {foo: bar, money: pennys}])");
    mem.check_and_reset();
 
    // verify that by reserving we save allocations
    {
        ryml::EventHandlerTree evt_handler;
        ryml::Parser parser(&evt_handler); // reuse a parser
        ryml::Tree tree;          // reuse a tree
 
        tree.reserve(10);         // reserve the number of nodes
        tree.reserve_arena(100);  // reserve the arena size
        parser.reserve_stack(10); // reserve the parser depth.
 
        // since the parser stack uses Small Storage Optimization,
        // allocations will only happen with capacities higher than 16.
        CHECK(mem.num_allocs == 2); // tree, tree_arena and NOT the parser
 
        parser.reserve_stack(20); // reserve the parser depth.
        CHECK(mem.num_allocs == 3); // tree, tree_arena and now the parser as well
 
        // verify that no other allocations occur when parsing
        size_t size_before = mem.alloc_size;
        parse_in_arena(&parser, "", R"([a, b, c, d, {foo: bar, money: pennys}])", &tree);
        CHECK(mem.alloc_size == size_before);
        CHECK(mem.num_allocs == 3);
    }
    mem.check_and_reset();
 
    // restore defaults.
    ryml::set_callbacks(defaults);
}

References sample::GlobalAllocatorExample::alloc_size, sample::GlobalAllocatorExample::callbacks(), CHECK, sample::GlobalAllocatorExample::check_and_reset(), c4::yml::get_callbacks(), c4::yml::Callbacks::m_allocate, c4::yml::Callbacks::m_free, sample::GlobalAllocatorExample::num_allocs, c4::yml::parse_in_arena(), c4::yml::Tree::reserve(), c4::yml::Tree::reserve_arena(), c4::yml::ParseEngine< EventHandler >::reserve_stack(), sample::GlobalAllocatorExample::s_allocate(), sample::GlobalAllocatorExample::s_free(), and c4::yml::set_callbacks().

sample_per_tree_allocator()

void sample::sample_per_tree_allocator

(

)

Definition at line 4952 of file quickstart.cpp.

{
    PerTreeMemoryExample mrp;
    PerTreeMemoryExample mr1;
    PerTreeMemoryExample mr2;
 
    // the trees will use the memory in the resources above,
    // with each tree using a separate resource
    {
        // Watchout: ensure that the lifetime of the callbacks target
        // exceeds the lifetime of the tree.
        ryml::EventHandlerTree evt_handler(mrp.callbacks());
        ryml::Parser parser(&evt_handler);
        ryml::Tree tree1(mr1.callbacks());
        ryml::Tree tree2(mr2.callbacks());
 
        ryml::csubstr yml1 = "{a: b}";
        ryml::csubstr yml2 = "{c: d, e: f, g: [h, i, 0, 1, 2, 3]}";
 
        parse_in_arena(&parser, "file1.yml", yml1, &tree1);
        parse_in_arena(&parser, "file2.yml", yml2, &tree2);
    }
 
    CHECK(mrp.num_allocs == 0); // YAML depth not large enough to warrant a parser allocation
    CHECK(mr1.alloc_size <= mr2.alloc_size); // because yml2 has more nodes
}

References sample::PerTreeMemoryExample::alloc_size, sample::PerTreeMemoryExample::callbacks(), CHECK, sample::PerTreeMemoryExample::num_allocs, and c4::yml::parse_in_arena().

sample_static_trees()

void sample::sample_static_trees

(

)

shows how to work around the static initialization order fiasco when using a static-duration ryml tree

See also

https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/siof

Definition at line 4986 of file quickstart.cpp.

{
    // Using static trees incurs may incur a static initialization
    // order problem. This happens because a default-constructed tree will
    // obtain the callbacks from the current global setting, which may
    // not have been initialized due to undefined static initialization
    // order:
    //
    //static ryml::Tree tree;  // ERROR! depends on ryml::get_callbacks() which may not have been initialized.
    //
    // To work around the issue, declare static callbacks
    // to explicitly initialize the static tree:
    static ryml::Callbacks callbacks = {}; // use default callback members
    static ryml::Tree tree(callbacks); // OK
    // now you can use the tree as normal:
    ryml::parse_in_arena(R"(doe: "a deer, a female deer")", &tree);
    CHECK(tree["doe"].val() == "a deer, a female deer");
}

References CHECK, and c4::yml::parse_in_arena().

sample_location_tracking()

void sample::sample_location_tracking

(

)

demonstrates how to obtain the (zero-based) location of a node from a recently parsed tree

Definition at line 5011 of file quickstart.cpp.

{
    // NOTE: locations are zero-based. If you intend to show the
    // location to a human user, you may want to pre-increment the line
    // and column by 1.
    ryml::csubstr yaml = R"({
aa: contents,
foo: [one, [two, three]]
})";
    // A parser is needed to track locations, and it has to be
    // explicitly set to do it. Location tracking is disabled by
    // default.
    ryml::ParserOptions opts = {};
    opts.locations(true); // enable locations, default is false
    ryml::EventHandlerTree evt_handler = {};
    ryml::Parser parser(&evt_handler, opts);
    CHECK(parser.options().locations());
    // When locations are enabled, the first task while parsing will
    // consist of building and caching (in the parser) a
    // source-to-node lookup structure to accelerate location lookups.
    //
    // The cost of building the location accelerator is linear in the
    // size of the source buffer. This increased cost is the reason
    // for the opt-in requirement. When locations are disabled there
    // is no cost.
    //
    // Building the location accelerator may trigger an allocation,
    // but this can and should be avoided by reserving prior to
    // parsing:
    parser.reserve_locations(50u); // reserve for 50 lines
    // Now the structure will be built during parsing:
    ryml::Tree tree = parse_in_arena(&parser, "source.yml", yaml);
    // After this, we are ready to query the location from the parser:
    ryml::Location loc = parser.location(tree.rootref());
    // As for the complexity of the query: for large buffers it is
    // O(log(numlines)). For short source buffers (30 lines and less),
    // it is O(numlines), as a plain linear search is faster in this
    // case.
    CHECK(parser.location_contents(loc).begins_with("{"));
    CHECK(loc.offset == 0u);
    CHECK(loc.line == 0u);
    CHECK(loc.col == 0u);
    // on the next call, we only pay O(log(numlines)) because the
    // rebuild is already available:
    loc = parser.location(tree["aa"]);
    CHECK(parser.location_contents(loc).begins_with("aa"));
    CHECK(loc.offset == 2u);
    CHECK(loc.line == 1u);
    CHECK(loc.col == 0u);
    // KEYSEQ in flow style: points at the key
    loc = parser.location(tree["foo"]);
    CHECK(parser.location_contents(loc).begins_with("foo"));
    CHECK(loc.offset == 16u);
    CHECK(loc.line == 2u);
    CHECK(loc.col == 0u);
    loc = parser.location(tree["foo"][0]);
    CHECK(parser.location_contents(loc).begins_with("one"));
    CHECK(loc.line == 2u);
    CHECK(loc.col == 6u);
    // SEQ in flow style: location points at the opening '[' (there's no key)
    loc = parser.location(tree["foo"][1]);
    CHECK(parser.location_contents(loc).begins_with("["));
    CHECK(loc.line == 2u);
    CHECK(loc.col == 11u);
    loc = parser.location(tree["foo"][1][0]);
    CHECK(parser.location_contents(loc).begins_with("two"));
    CHECK(loc.line == 2u);
    CHECK(loc.col == 12u);
    loc = parser.location(tree["foo"][1][1]);
    CHECK(parser.location_contents(loc).begins_with("three"));
    CHECK(loc.line == 2u);
    CHECK(loc.col == 17u);
    // NOTE. The parser locations always point at the latest buffer to
    // be parsed with the parser object, so they must be queried using
    // the corresponding latest tree to be parsed. This means that if
    // the parser is reused, earlier trees will loose the possibility
    // of querying for location. It is undefined behavior to query the
    // parser for the location of a node from an earlier tree:
    ryml::Tree docval = parse_in_arena(&parser, "docval.yaml", "this is a docval");
    // From now on, none of the locations from the previous tree can
    // be queried:
    //loc = parser.location(tree.rootref()); // ERROR, undefined behavior
    loc = parser.location(docval.rootref()); // OK. this is the latest tree from this parser
    CHECK(parser.location_contents(loc).begins_with("this is a docval"));
    CHECK(loc.line == 0u);
    CHECK(loc.col == 0u);
 
    // NOTES ABOUT CONTAINER LOCATIONS
    ryml::Tree tree2 = parse_in_arena(&parser, "containers.yaml", R"(
a new: buffer
to: be parsed
map with key:
  first: value
  second: value
seq with key:
  - first value
  - second value
  -
    - nested first value
    - nested second value
  -
    nested first: value
    nested second: value
)");
    // (Likewise, the docval tree can no longer be used to query.)
    //
    // For key-less block-style maps, the location of the container
    // points at the first child's key. For example, in this case
    // the root does not have a key, so its location is taken
    // to be at the first child:
    loc = parser.location(tree2.rootref());
    CHECK(parser.location_contents(loc).begins_with("a new"));
    CHECK(loc.offset == 1u);
    CHECK(loc.line == 1u);
    CHECK(loc.col == 0u);
    // note the first child points exactly at the same place:
    loc = parser.location(tree2["a new"]);
    CHECK(parser.location_contents(loc).begins_with("a new"));
    CHECK(loc.offset == 1u);
    CHECK(loc.line == 1u);
    CHECK(loc.col == 0u);
    loc = parser.location(tree2["to"]);
    CHECK(parser.location_contents(loc).begins_with("to"));
    CHECK(loc.line == 2u);
    CHECK(loc.col == 0u);
    // but of course, if the block-style map is a KEYMAP, then the
    // location is the map's key, and not the first child's key:
    loc = parser.location(tree2["map with key"]);
    CHECK(parser.location_contents(loc).begins_with("map with key"));
    CHECK(loc.line == 3u);
    CHECK(loc.col == 0u);
    loc = parser.location(tree2["map with key"]["first"]);
    CHECK(parser.location_contents(loc).begins_with("first"));
    CHECK(loc.line == 4u);
    CHECK(loc.col == 2u);
    loc = parser.location(tree2["map with key"]["second"]);
    CHECK(parser.location_contents(loc).begins_with("second"));
    CHECK(loc.line == 5u);
    CHECK(loc.col == 2u);
    // same thing for KEYSEQ:
    loc = parser.location(tree2["seq with key"]);
    CHECK(parser.location_contents(loc).begins_with("seq with key"));
    CHECK(loc.line == 6u);
    CHECK(loc.col == 0u);
    loc = parser.location(tree2["seq with key"][0]);
    CHECK(parser.location_contents(loc).begins_with("first value"));
    CHECK(loc.line == 7u);
    CHECK(loc.col == 4u);
    loc = parser.location(tree2["seq with key"][1]);
    CHECK(parser.location_contents(loc).begins_with("second value"));
    CHECK(loc.line == 8u);
    CHECK(loc.col == 4u);
    // SEQ nested in SEQ: container location points at the first child's "- " dash
    loc = parser.location(tree2["seq with key"][2]);
    CHECK(parser.location_contents(loc).begins_with("- nested first value"));
    CHECK(loc.line == 10u);
    CHECK(loc.col == 4u);
    loc = parser.location(tree2["seq with key"][2][0]);
    CHECK(parser.location_contents(loc).begins_with("nested first value"));
    CHECK(loc.line == 10u);
    CHECK(loc.col == 6u);
    // MAP nested in SEQ: same as above: point to key
    loc = parser.location(tree2["seq with key"][3]);
    CHECK(parser.location_contents(loc).begins_with("nested first: "));
    CHECK(loc.line == 13u);
    CHECK(loc.col == 4u);
    loc = parser.location(tree2["seq with key"][3][0]);
    CHECK(parser.location_contents(loc).begins_with("nested first: "));
    CHECK(loc.line == 13u);
    CHECK(loc.col == 4u);
}

References CHECK, c4::yml::Location::col, c4::yml::Location::line, c4::yml::ParseEngine< EventHandler >::location(), c4::yml::ParseEngine< EventHandler >::location_contents(), c4::yml::ParserOptions::locations(), c4::yml::Location::offset, c4::yml::ParseEngine< EventHandler >::options(), c4::yml::parse_in_arena(), c4::yml::ParseEngine< EventHandler >::reserve_locations(), and c4::yml::Tree::rootref().

Variable Documentation

defaults

ryml::Callbacks sample::ErrorHandlerExample::defaults

Definition at line 251 of file quickstart.cpp.

Referenced by sample::ErrorHandlerExample::check_effect(), and sample::sample_error_handler().